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 ABSTRACT
We present a new algorithm, called marching cubes, that creates triangle models of constant density surfaces from 3D medical data. Using a divide-and-conquer approach to generate inter-slice connectivity, we create a case table that defines triangle topology. The algorithm processes the 3D medical data in scan-line order and calculates triangle vertices using linear interpolation. We find the gradient of the original data, normalize it, and use it as a basis for shading the models. The detail in images produced from the generated surface models is the result of maintaining the inter-slice connectivity, surface data, and gradient information present in the original 3D data. Results from computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) illustrate the quality and functionality of marching cubes. We also discuss improvements that decrease processing time and add solid modeling capabilities.
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Michael D. Doyle , Cheong Ang , Rakesh Raju , Gary Klein , Betsey S. Williams , Thomas DeFanti , Ardeshir Goshtasby , Robert Grzesczuk , Adrianne Noe, Processing of cross-sectional image data for reconstruction of human developmental anatomy from museum specimens, ACM SIGBIO Newsletter, v.13 n.1, p.9-15, Feb. 1993
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Guilhem Dupuy , Bruno Jobard , Sebastion Guillon , Noomame Keskes , Dimitri Komatitsch, Isosurface extraction and interpretation on very large datasets in geophysics, Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Solid and physical modeling, June 02-04, 2008, Stony Brook, New York
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Pankaj K. Agarwal , Lars Arge , Thomas Mølhave , Bardia Sadri, I/o-efficient efficient algorithms for computing contours on a terrain, Proceedings of the twenty-fourth annual symposium on Computational geometry, June 09-11, 2008, College Park, MD, USA
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Adam Huang , Gregory M. Nielson , Anshuman Razdan , Gerald E. Farin , D. Page Baluch , David G. Capco, Thin Structure Segmentation and Visualization in Three-Dimensional Biomedical Images: A Shape-Based Approach, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, v.12 n.1, p.93-102, January 2006
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Chee-Kong Chui , Zhenlan Wang , Jing Zhang , Jackson Shin-Kiat Ong , Limeng Bian , Jeremy Choon-Meng Teo , Chye-Hwang Yan , Sim-Heng Ong , Shih-Chang Wang , Hee-Kit Wong , Swee-Hin Teoh, A component-oriented software toolkit for patient-specific finite element model generation, Advances in Engineering Software, v.40 n.3, p.184-192, March, 2009
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Magali I. Billen , Oliver Kreylos , Bernd Hamann , Margarete A. Jadamec , Louise H. Kellogg , Oliver Staadt , Dawn Y. Sumner, A geoscience perspective on immersive 3D gridded data visualization, Computers & Geosciences, v.34 n.9, p.1056-1072, September, 2008
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Barbora Kozlíková , Filip Andres , Jiří Sochor, Visualization of tunnels in protein molecules, Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer graphics, virtual reality, visualisation and interaction in Africa, October 29-31, 2007, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Andrej Varchola , Anton Vaško , Viliam Solčány , Leonid I. Dimitrov , Miloš Šrámek, Processing of volumetric data by slice- and process-based streaming, Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer graphics, virtual reality, visualisation and interaction in Africa, October 29-31, 2007, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Mario Botsch , Mark Pauly , Leif Kobbelt , Pierre Alliez , Bruno Lévy , Stephan Bischoff , Christian Rössl, Geometric modeling based on polygonal meshes Video files associated with this course are available from the citation page, ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 courses, August 05-09, 2007, San Diego, California
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Gokul Varadhan , Shankar Krishnan , Liangjun Zhang , Dinesh Manocha, Reliable implicit surface polygonization using visibility mapping, Proceedings of the fourth Eurographics symposium on Geometry processing, June 26-28, 2006, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
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Bob Ménélas , Nicolas Fauvet , Mehdi Ammi , Patrick Bourdot, Direct haptic rendering for large data sets with high gradients, Proceedings of the 2008 Ambi-Sys workshop on Haptic user interfaces in ambient media systems, p.1-9, February 11-14, 2008, Quebec City, Canada
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Sanjeev Kumar , Daehyun Kim , Mikhail Smelyanskiy , Yen-Kuang Chen , Jatin Chhugani , Christopher J. Hughes , Changkyu Kim , Victor W. Lee , Anthony D. Nguyen, Atomic Vector Operations on Chip Multiprocessors, ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News, v.36 n.3, p.441-452, June 2008
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Qishi Wu , Jinzhu Gao , Mengxia Zhu , Nageswara S. V. Rao , Jian Huang , Sitharama Iyengar, Self-Adaptive Configuration of Visualization Pipeline Over Wide-Area Networks, IEEE Transactions on Computers, v.57 n.1, p.55-68, January 2008
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Jia Sing Chen , Andrew Hogue, Towards 3D model interoperability in games, Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Future Play: Research, Play, Share, November 03-05, 2008, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Thomas Byholm , Martti Toivakka , Jan Westerholm, The application of morphological algorithms on 3-dimensional porous structures for identifying pores and gathering statistical data, Proceedings of the 6th WSEAS International Conference on Simulation, Modelling and Optimization, p.264-270, September 22-24, 2006, Lisbon, Portugal
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Chen Xiaojun , Ye Ming , Lin Yanping , Wu Yiqun , Wang Chengtao, Image guided oral implantology and its application in the placement of zygoma implants, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, v.93 n.2, p.162-173, February, 2009
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Sergei Gorlatch , Jens Müller-Iden , Martin Alt , Jan Dünnweber , Hamido Fujita , Yutaka Funyu, Clayworks: Toward user-oriented software for collaborative modeling and simulation, Knowledge-Based Systems, v.22 n.3, p.209-215, April, 2009
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Yuanzhang Chang , Kai Bao , Youquan Liu , Jian Zhu , Enhua Wu, A particle-based method for viscoelastic fluids animation, Proceedings of the 16th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, November 18-20, 2009, Kyoto, Japan
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Guoyan Zheng , Xuan Zhang , Simon D. Steppacher , Stephen B. Murphy , Klaus A. Siebenrock , Moritz Tannast, HipMatch: An object-oriented cross-platform program for accurate determination of cup orientation using 2D-3D registration of single standard X-ray radiograph and a CT volume, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, v.95 n.3, p.236-248, September, 2009
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Sergei Gorlatch , Jens Müller , Martin Alt , Jan Dünnweber , Hamido Fujita , Yutaka Funyu, Clayworks: Toward User-Oriented Software for Collaborative Modeling and Simulation, Proceeding of the 2007 conference on New Trends in Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques: Proceedings of the sixth SoMeT_07, p.403-415, June 11, 2007
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R. Sowell , L. Liu , T. Ju , C. Grimm , C. Abraham , G. Gokhroo , D. Low, Volume viewer: an interactive tool for fitting surfaces to volume data, Proceedings of the 6th Eurographics Symposium on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling, August 01-02, 2009, New Orleans, Louisiana
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R. Ohbuchi , T. Miyazawa , M. Aono , A. Koide , M. Kimura , R. Yoshida, Integrated medical-image system for cancer research and treatment, IBM Journal of Research and Development, v.40 n.2, p.185-210, March 1996
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A. Retico , M. E. Fantacci , I. Gori , P. Kasae , B. Golosio , A. Piccioli , P. Cerello , G. De Nunzio , S. Tangaro, Pleural nodule identification in low-dose and thin-slice lung computed tomography, Computers in Biology and Medicine, v.39 n.12, p.1137-1144, December, 2009
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Carlos Andújar , Pere Brunet , Antoni Chica , Isabel Navazo , Jarek Rossignac , ílvar Vinacua, Optimizing the topological and combinatorial complexity of isosurfaces, Computer-Aided Design, v.37 n.8, p.847-857, July, 2005
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Wesley Kendall , Markus Glatter , Jian Huang , Tom Peterka , Robert Latham , Robert Ross, Terascale data organization for discovering multivariate climatic trends, Proceedings of the Conference on High Performance Computing Networking, Storage and Analysis, November 14-20, 2009, Portland, Oregon
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Z. L. Wang , J. C. M. Teo , C. K. Chui , S. H. Ong , C. H. Yan , S. C. Wang , H. K. Wong , S. H. Teoh, Computational biomechanical modelling of the lumbar spine using marching-cubes surface smoothened finite element voxel meshing, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, v.80 n.1, p.25-35, October, 2005
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Ralf Westphal , Simon Winkelbach , Friedrich Wahl , Thomas Gösling , Markus Oszwald , Tobias Hüfner , Christian Krettek, Robot-assisted Long Bone Fracture Reduction, International Journal of Robotics Research, v.28 n.10, p.1259-1278, October 2009
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Zuoyong Zheng , Lizhuang Ma , Zhong Li , Zhihua Chen, Reconstruction of shape and reflectance properties based on visual hull, Computer Graphics International, p.29-38, May 26-29, 2009, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Kiwamu Kase , Yoshinori Teshima , Shugo Usami , Masaya Kato , Shuntaro Yamazaki , Masao Ito , Akitake Makinouchi, Volume CAD-CW-complexes based approach, Computer-Aided Design, v.37 n.14, p.1509-1520, December, 2005
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Syoji Kobashi , Takuma Oshiba , Kumiko Ando , Reiichi Ishikura , Setsuro Imawaki , Shozo Hirota , Yutaka Hata, Fuzzy thick rubber model for cerebral surface extraction in neonatal brain MR images, Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Fuzzy Systems, p.927-932, August 20-24, 2009, Jeju Island, Korea
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P. Z. Wen , X. J. Wu , Y. Zhu , X. W. Peng, LS-RBF network based 3D surface reconstruction method, Proceedings of the 21st annual international conference on Chinese control and decision conference, p.5815-5819, June 17-19, 2009, Guilin, China
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