CYC

Subscribe (Full Service)


	Search: The ACM Digital Library The Guide

	Feedback

CYC: a large-scale investment in knowledge infrastructure

Full text

Pdf (510 KB)

Source

Communications of the ACM archive
Volume 38 , Issue 11 (November 1995) table of contents

Pages: 33 - 38

Year of Publication: 1995

ISSN:0001-0782

Author

Douglas B. Lenat

Cycorp, Austin, TX

Publisher

ACM New York, NY, USA

Bibliometrics

Downloads (6 Weeks): 19, Downloads (12 Months): 150, Citation Count: 167

Additional Information:

abstract references cited by index terms review collaborative colleagues

Tools and Actions:	Request Permissions Review this Article Save this Article to a Binder Display Formats: BibTeX EndNote ACM Ref

DOI Bookmark:	Use this link to bookmark this Article: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/219717.219745 What is a DOI?

Warning: The download time has expired please click on the item to try again.

ABSTRACT

Since 1984, a person-century of effort has gone into building CYC, a universal schema of roughly 105 general concepts spanning human reality. Most of the time has been spent codifying knowledge about these concepts; approximately 106 commonsense axioms have been handcrafted for and entered into CYC's knowledge base, and millions more have been inferred and cached by CYC. This article examines the fundamental assumptions of doing such a large-scale project, reviews the technical lessons learned by the developers, and surveys the range of applications that are or soon will be enabled by the technology.

REFERENCES

Note: OCR errors may be found in this Reference List extracted from the full text article. ACM has opted to expose the complete List rather than only correct and linked references.

	1	R. V. Guha , Douglas B. Lenat, Enabling agents to work together, Communications of the ACM, v.37 n.7, p.126-142, July 1994 [doi>10.1145/176789.176804]
	2	Douglas B. Lenat , John Seely Brown, Why AM an EUISKO appear to work., Artificial Intelligence, v.23 n.3, p.269-294, August 1984 [doi>10.1016/0004-3702(84)90016-X]
	3	Lenat, D. B. and Guha, R. V. Building Large Knowledge Bases. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1990.
	4	D. B. Lenat and R. V. Guha. Ideas for Applying Cyc. MCC Technical Report ACT-CYC-407-91. December, 1991.
	5	Douglas B. Lenat , R. V. Guha , Karen Pittman , Dexter Pratt , Mary Shepherd, Cyc: toward programs with common sense, Communications of the ACM, v.33 n.8, p.30-49, Aug. 1990 [doi>10.1145/79173.79176]
	6	McCarthy, J. Programs with common sense. In Readings In Knowledge Representation, H. Levesque and R. Brachman, Eds. Morgan Kaufmann, Los Mtos, Calif., 1986.
	7	J. McCarthy , P. J. Hayes, Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence, Readings in nonmonotonic reasoning, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, 1987
	8	Pittman, K. and Lenat, D.B. Representing knowledge in CYC-9. MCC Tech. Rep. CYC-175-93P, 1993.
	9	Quine, W.V. Natural kinds. In Ontological Relativity and Other Essays. Columbia University Press, New York, 1969.

CITED BY 169

	Joseph Phillips , Bruce G. Buchanan, Ontology-guided knowledge discovery in databases, Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Knowledge capture, October 22-23, 2001, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
	Jon Doyle , Thomas Dean, Strategic directions in artificial intelligence, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), v.28 n.4, p.653-670, Dec. 1996
	Richard Sproat, Inferring the environment in a text-to-scene conversion system, Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Knowledge capture, October 22-23, 2001, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
	Ken Barker , Bruce Porter , Peter Clark, A library of generic concepts for composing knowledge bases, Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Knowledge capture, October 22-23, 2001, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
	Erik T. Mueller, A calendar with common sense, Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, p.198-201, January 09-12, 2000, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
	Ian Niles , Adam Pease, Towards a standard upper ontology, Proceedings of the international conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems, p.2-9, October 17-19, 2001, Ogunquit, Maine, USA
	Lotfi A. Zadeh, A new direction in AI: toward a computational theory of perceptions, Technologies for constructing intelligent systems: Tasks, Physica-Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany, 2002
	Vladan Devedzic, Ontologies: borrowing from software patterns, intelligence, v.10 n.3, p.14-24, Fall 1999
	G. Yan , W. K. Ng , E.-P. Lim, Product Schema Integration for Electronic Commerce-A Synonym Comparison Approach, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, v.14 n.3, p.583-598, May 2002
	Antonio M. Lopez, Jr., Ontology development as undergraduate research, Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, v.18 n.1, p.199-207, October 2002
	Lu Ruqian , Jin Zhi, Formal ontology: foundation of domain knowledge sharing and reusing, Journal of Computer Science and Technology, v.17 n.5, p.535-548, May 2002
	David J. Russomanno, A plausible inference prototype for the Semantic Web, Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, v.26 n.3, p.227-246, May 2006
	Elisabeth Métais, Enhancing information systems management with natural language processing techniques, Data & Knowledge Engineering, v.41 n.2-3, p.247-272, June 2002
	Push Singh , Barbara Barry, Collecting commonsense experiences, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Knowledge capture, October 23-25, 2003, Sanibel Island, FL, USA
	Hugo Liu , Henry Lieberman , Ted Selker, A model of textual affect sensing using real-world knowledge, Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, January 12-15, 2003, Miami, Florida, USA
	Zachary J. Mason, CorMet: a computational, corpus-based conventional metaphor extraction system, Computational Linguistics, v.30 n.1, p.23-44, March 2004
	Steffen Staab, Ontologies' KISSES in Standardization, IEEE Intelligent Systems, v.17 n.2, p.70-79, March 2002
	Cao Cungen , Feng Qiangze , Gao Ying , Gu Fang , Si Jinxin , Sui Yuefei , Tian Wen , Wang Haitao , Wang Lili , Zeng Qingtian , Zhang Chunxia , Zheng Yufei , Zhou Xiaobin, Progress in the development of national knowledge infrastructure, Journal of Computer Science and Technology, v.17 n.5, p.523-534, May 2002
	Catherine C. Marshall , Frank M. Shipman, Which semantic web?, Proceedings of the fourteenth ACM conference on Hypertext and hypermedia, August 26-30, 2003, Nottingham, UK
	Hans Chalupsky , Thomas A. Russ, WhyNot: debugging failed queries in large knowledge bases, Eighteenth national conference on Artificial intelligence, p.870-877, July 28-August 01, 2002, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
	Vijayan Sugumaran , Veda C. Storey, A semantic-based approach to component retrieval, ACM SIGMIS Database, v.34 n.3, p.8-24, Summer 2003
	Vijayan Sugumaran , Veda C. Storey, Ontologies for conceptual modeling: their creation, use, and management, Data & Knowledge Engineering, v.42 n.3, p.251-271, September 2002
	Fang Gu , Cun-Gen Cao , Yue-Fei Sui , Wen Tian, Domain-specific ontology of botany, Journal of Computer Science and Technology, v.19 n.2, p.238-248, March 2004
	Stephen Strom, Building a large-scale generic object model: applying the CYC upper ontology to object database development in Java, Addendum to the 2000 proceedings of the conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications (Addendum), p.37-38, January 2000, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
	Ruud van der Pol, Dipe-R: a knowledge representation language, Data & Knowledge Engineering, v.45 n.3, p.257-290, June 2003
	Gregory Piatetsky-Shapiro, Knowledge discovery in databases: 10 years after, ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, v.1 n.2, January 2000
	V. C. Storey , R. C. Goldstein , H. Ullrich, Naive Semantics to Support Automated Database Design, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, v.14 n.1, p.1-12, January 2002
	Vladan Devedzić, Understanding ontological engineering, Communications of the ACM, v.45 n.4, April 2002
	Timothy Chklovski, Learner: a system for acquiring commonsense knowledge by analogy, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Knowledge capture, October 23-25, 2003, Sanibel Island, FL, USA
	Hyoil Han , Ramez Elmasri, Ontology extraction and conceptual modeling for web information, Information modeling for internet applications, Idea Group Publishing, Hershey, PA, 2003
	Ion Androutsopoulos , Robert Dale, Selectional restrictions in HPSG, Proceedings of the 18th conference on Computational linguistics, p.15-20, July 31-August 04, 2000, Saarbrücken, Germany
	Arnon Rosenthal , Len Seligman , Scott Renner, From semantic integration to semantics management: case studies and a way forward, ACM SIGMOD Record, v.33 n.4, December 2004
	Roberto Navigli , Paola Velardi , Aldo Gangemi, Ontology Learning and Its Application to Automated Terminology Translation, IEEE Intelligent Systems, v.18 n.1, p.22-31, January 2003
	Brandon Bennett , Antony P. Galton, A unifying semantics for time and events, Artificial Intelligence, v.153 n.1-2, p.13-48, March 2004
	Marvin Minsky , Push Singh , Aaron Sloman, The St. Thomas common sense symposium: designing architectures for human-level intelligence, AI Magazine, v.25 n.2, p.113-124, Summer 2004
	Lotfi A. Zadeh, Precisiated natural language (PNL), AI Magazine, v.25 n.3, p.74-91, Fall 2004
	Natalya F. Noy , Mark A. Musen, The PROMPT suite: interactive tools for ontology merging and mapping, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, v.59 n.6, p.983-1024, December 2003
	V. C. Storey , D. Dey, A Methodology for Learning Across Application Domains for Database Design Systems, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, v.14 n.1, p.13-28, January 2002
	Lotfi A. Zadeh, A note on web intelligence, world knowledge and fuzzy logic, Data & Knowledge Engineering, v.50 n.3, p.291-304, September 2004
	Ling Feng , Manfred A. Jeusfeld , Jeroen Hoppenbrouwers, Beyond information searching and browsing: acquiring knowledge from digital libraries, Information Processing and Management: an International Journal, v.41 n.1, p.97-120, January 2005
	Alexander Faaborg , Henry Lieberman, A goal-oriented web browser, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in computing systems, April 22-27, 2006, Montréal, Québec, Canada
	Gary W. King , Clayton T. Morrison , Paul R. Cohen, Agent models I: action models, Proceedings of the 35th conference on Winter simulation: driving innovation, December 07-10, 2003, New Orleans, Louisiana
	Timothy Chklovski, Designing interfaces for guided collection of knowledge about everyday objects from volunteers, Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, January 10-13, 2005, San Diego, California, USA
	Chih-Hung Wu , Shie-Jue Lee, KJ3: a tool assisting formal validation of knowledge-based systems, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, v.56 n.5, p.495-524, April 2002
	Gary Look , Buddhika Kottahachchi , Robert Laddaga , Howard Shrobe, A location representation for generating descriptive walking directions, Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, January 10-13, 2005, San Diego, California, USA
	Ishwinder Kaur , Anthony J. Hornof, A comparison of LSA, wordNet and PMI-IR for predicting user click behavior, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, April 02-07, 2005, Portland, Oregon, USA
	Jennifer Chu-Carroll , Krzysztof Czuba , John Prager , Abraham Ittycheriah, In question answering, two heads are better than one, Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology, p.24-31, May 27-June 01, 2003, Edmonton, Canada
	Matthew Hockenberry , Ted Selker, A sense of spatial semantics, CHI '06 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems, April 22-27, 2006, Montréal, Québec, Canada
	Timothy Chklovski , Yolanda Gil, Improving the design of intelligent acquisition interfaces for collecting world knowledge from web contributors, Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Knowledge capture, October 02-05, 2005, Banff, Alberta, Canada
	Eyal Amir , Sheila McIlraith, Partition-based logical reasoning for first-order and propositional theories, Artificial Intelligence, v.162 n.1-2, p.49-88, February 2005
	Luis von Ahn , Mihir Kedia , Manuel Blum, Verbosity: a game for collecting common-sense facts, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in computing systems, April 22-27, 2006, Montréal, Québec, Canada
	Boris Katz , Jimmy Lin , Sue Felshin, Gathering knowledge for a question answering system from heterogeneous information sources, Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management, p.1-8, July 06-07, 2001, Toulouse, France
	Deb Roy, Semiotic schemas: a framework for grounding language in action and perception, Artificial Intelligence, v.167 n.1-2, p.170-205, September 2005
	Takashi Inui , Kentaro Inui , Yuji Matsumoto, Acquiring causal knowledge from text using the connective marker tame, ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP), v.4 n.4, p.435-474, December 2005
	Ernest Davis , Leora Morgenstern, Introduction: progress in formal commonsense reasoning, Artificial Intelligence, v.153 n.1-2, p.1-12, March 2004
	Melania Degeratu , Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou, Building automatically a business registration ontology, Proceedings of the 2002 annual national conference on Digital government research, p.1-7, May 19-22, 2002, Los Angeles, California
	Spencer Rugaber, Cataloging design abstractions, Proceedings of the 2006 international workshop on Role of abstraction in software engineering, May 21-21, 2006, Shanghai, China
	Latifur Khan , Dennis McLeod , Eduard Hovy, A Framework for Effective Annotation of Information from Closed Captions Using Ontologies, Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, v.25 n.2, p.181-205, September 2005
	Miguel-Ángel Sicilia , Miltiadis Lytras , Elena Rodríguez , Elena García-Barriocanal, Integrating descriptions of knowledge management learning activities into large ontological structures: a case study, Data & Knowledge Engineering, v.57 n.2, p.111-121, May 2006
	Alexa T. McCray, Conceptualizing the world: lessons from history, Journal of Biomedical Informatics, v.39 n.3, p.267-273, June 2006
	Buddhika Kottahachchi , Robert Laddaga , Gary Look, LAIR: location awareness information representation, Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS International Conference on Computers, p.1-6, July 14-16, 2005, Athens, Greece
	Latifur Khan , Dennis McLeod , Eduard Hovy, Retrieval effectiveness of an ontology-based model for information selection, The VLDB Journal — The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases, v.13 n.1, p.71-85, January 2004
	Robert Plant , Rose Gamble, Methodologies for the development of knowledge-based systems, 1982–2002, The Knowledge Engineering Review, v.18 n.1, p.47-81, January 2003
	Marine Carpuat , Pascale Fung , Grace Ngai, Aligning word senses using bilingual corpora, ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP), v.5 n.2, p.89-120, June 2006
	Barry Smith , Christiane Fellbaum, Medical WordNet: a new methodology for the construction and validation of information resources for consumer health, Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Computational Linguistics, p.371-es, August 23-27, 2004, Geneva, Switzerland
	Francisco C. Pereira , Amílcar Cardoso, Experiments with free concept generation in Divago, Knowledge-Based Systems, v.19 n.7, p.459-470, November, 2006
	Jie Tang , Juanzi Li , Bangyong Liang , Xiaotong Huang , Yi Li , Kehong Wang, Using Bayesian decision for ontology mapping, Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, v.4 n.4, p.243-262, December, 2006
	Juhum Kwon , O-Hoon Choi , Chang-Joo Moon , Soo-Hyun Park , Doo-Kwon Baik, Deriving similarity for Semantic Web using similarity graph, Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, v.26 n.2, p.149-166, March 2006
	Mohammad Nazir Ahmad , Robert M. Colomb, Managing ontologies: a comparative study of ontology servers, Proceedings of the eighteenth conference on Australasian database, p.13-22, January 30-February 02, 2007, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
	Joanna J. Bryson, The attentional spotlight, Minds and Machines, v.16 n.1, p.21-28, February 2006
	Roberto Navigli , Paola Velardi, Learning Domain Ontologies from Document Warehouses and Dedicated Web Sites, Computational Linguistics, v.30 n.2, p.151-179, June 2004
	Vijayan Sugumaran , Veda C. Storey, The role of domain ontologies in database design: An ontology management and conceptual modeling environment, ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), v.31 n.3, p.1064-1094, September 2006
	Kam-Hoi Cheng, The representation and inferences of hierarchies, Proceedings of the 2nd IASTED international conference on Advances in computer science and technology, p.269-273, January 23-25, 2006, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico
	Jimmy Lin , Dina Demner-Fushman, The role of knowledge in conceptual retrieval: a study in the domain of clinical medicine, Proceedings of the 29th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval, August 06-11, 2006, Seattle, Washington, USA
	Ming-Hung Hsu , Hsin-Hsi Chen, Information retrieval with commonsense knowledge, Proceedings of the 29th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval, August 06-11, 2006, Seattle, Washington, USA
	Marie-Noölle Terrasse , Marinette Savonnet , Eric Leclercq , Thierry Grison , George Becker, Do we need metamodels AND ontologies for engineering platforms?, Proceedings of the 2006 international workshop on Global integrated model management, May 22-22, 2006, Shanghai, China
	Chang-Shing Lee , Yuan-Fang Kao , Yau-Hwang Kuo , Mei-Hui Wang, Automated ontology construction for unstructured text documents, Data & Knowledge Engineering, v.60 n.3, p.547-566, March, 2007
	Goh Ong Sing , Kok Wai Wong , Chun Che Fung , Arnold Depickere, Towards a more natural and intelligent interface with embodied conversation agent, Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Game research and development, p.177-183, December 04-06, 2006, Perth, Australia
	Edward Shen , Henry Lieberman , Francis Lam, What am I gonna wear?: scenario-oriented recommendation, Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, January 28-31, 2007, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
	Tom O'Hara , Stefano Bertolo , Michael Witbrock , Bjørn Aldag , Jon Curtis , Kathy Panton , Dave Schneider , Nancy Salay, Inferring parts of speech for lexical mappings via the Cyc KB, Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Computational Linguistics, p.1305-es, August 23-27, 2004, Geneva, Switzerland
	Rion Snow , Daniel Jurafsky , Andrew Y. Ng, Semantic taxonomy induction from heterogenous evidence, Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the ACL, p.801-808, July 17-18, 2006, Sydney, Australia
	John Prager , Pablo Duboue , Jennifer Chu-Carroll, Improving QA accuracy by question inversion, Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the ACL, p.1073-1080, July 17-18, 2006, Sydney, Australia
	Kevin Livingston , Christopher K. Riesbeck, Knowledge acquisition from simplified text, Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, January 28-31, 2007, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
	John Prager , Jennifer Chu-Carroll , Krzysztof Czuba, Question answering using constraint satisfaction: QA-by-Dossier-with-Constraints, Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, p.574-es, July 21-26, 2004, Barcelona, Spain
	Patrick Pantel, Inducing ontological co-occurrence vectors, Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, p.125-132, June 25-30, 2005, Ann Arbor, Michigan
	Jean-Luc Lugrin , Marc Cavazza, Making sense of virtual environments: action representation, grounding and common sense, Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, January 28-31, 2007, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
	Judy Kay , William T. Niu , David J. Carmichael, ONCOR: ontology- and evidence-based context reasoner, Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, January 28-31, 2007, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
	A. Aiello , M. Mango Furnari , A. Massarotti , S. Brandi , V. Caputo , V. Barone, An experimental ontology server for an information grid environment, International Journal of Parallel Programming, v.34 n.6, p.489-508, December 2006
	Chunhua Weng , John H. Gennari , Douglas B. Fridsma, Methodological Review: User-centered semantic harmonization: A case study, Journal of Biomedical Informatics, v.40 n.3, p.353-364, June, 2007
	A. C. Cem Say , Şeniz Demir , Özlem Çetinoǧlu , Fatih Öǧün, A natural language processing infrastructure for Turkish, Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Computational Linguistics, p.1385-es, August 23-27, 2004, Geneva, Switzerland
	Pete Sawyer , Paul Rayson , Ken Cosh, Shallow Knowledge as an Aid to Deep Understanding in Early Phase Requirements Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, v.31 n.11, p.969-981, November 2005
	Salvador Sánchez-Alonso , Yianna Vovides, Integration of metacognitive skills in the design of learning objects, Computers in Human Behavior, v.23 n.6, p.2585-2595, November, 2007
	Latifur Khan, Standards for image annotation using Semantic Web, Computer Standards & Interfaces, v.29 n.2, p.196-204, February, 2007
	Jean-Pierre Chevallet , Joo-Hwee Lim , Diem Thi Hoang Le, Domain knowledge conceptual inter-media indexing: application to multilingual multimedia medical reports, Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management, November 06-10, 2007, Lisbon, Portugal
	Diana Inkpen , Graeme Hirst, Building and Using a Lexical Knowledge Base of Near-Synonym Differences, Computational Linguistics, v.32 n.2, p.223-262, June 2006
	Lenhart Schubert, Can we derive general world knowledge from texts?, Proceedings of the second international conference on Human Language Technology Research, March 24-27, 2002, San Diego, California
	Manuel Atencia , Marco Schorlemmer, A formal model for situated semantic alignment, Proceedings of the 6th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems, May 14-18, 2007, Honolulu, Hawaii
	John Prager, Open-domain question: answering, Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval, v.1 n.2, p.91-231, January 2006
	Tim Berners-Lee , Wendy Hall , James A. Hendler , Kieron O'Hara , Nigel Shadbolt , Daniel J. Weitzner, A framework for web science, Foundations and Trends in Web Science, v.1 n.1, p.1-130, January 2006
	Sayali Kulkarni , Amit Singh , Ganesh Ramakrishnan , Soumen Chakrabarti, Collective annotation of Wikipedia entities in web text, Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining, June 28-July 01, 2009, Paris, France
	D. T. Ndumu , J. C. Collis , H. Nwana, Towards Desktop Personal Travel Agents, BT Technology Journal, v.16 n.3, p.69-78, July 1998
	Z. Cui , V. A M Tamma , F. Bellifemine, Ontology Management in Enterprises, BT Technology Journal, v.17 n.4, p.98-107, October 1999
	Mehrnoush Shamsfard , Ahmad Abdollahzadeh Barforoush, The state of the art in ontology learning: a framework for comparison, The Knowledge Engineering Review, v.18 n.4, p.293-316, December 2003
	P. Singh , M. Minsky , I. Eslick, Computing Commonsense, BT Technology Journal, v.22 n.4, p.201-210, October 2004
	H. Liu , P. Singh, ConceptNet — A Practical Commonsense Reasoning Tool-Kit, BT Technology Journal, v.22 n.4, p.211-226, October 2004
	P. Singh , B. Barry , H. Liu, Teaching Machines about Everyday Life, BT Technology Journal, v.22 n.4, p.227-240, October 2004
	H. Lieberman , A. Faaborg , J. Espinosa , T. Stocky, Commonsense on the Go, BT Technology Journal, v.22 n.4, p.241-252, October 2004
	Mark Truran , James Goulding , Helen Ashman, Autonomous authoring tools for hypertext, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), v.39 n.3, p.8-es, 2007
	James H. Moor, The Status and Future of the Turing Test, Minds and Machines, v.11 n.1, p.77-93, February 2001
	Hyacinth S. Nwana , Divine T. Ndumu, A perspective on software agents research, The Knowledge Engineering Review, v.14 n.2, p.125-142, August 1999
	Sanda M. Harabagiu , Dan I. Moldovan, TextNet – A text-based intelligent system, Natural Language Engineering, v.3 n.2, p.171-190, September 1997
	T. P. Martin , B. Azvine, Acquisition of Soft Taxonomies for Intelligent Personal Hierarchies and the Soft Semantic Web, BT Technology Journal, v.21 n.4, p.113-122, 2003
	Brendan Kitts, Representation Operators and Computation, Minds and Machines, v.9 n.2, p.223-240, May 1999
	Luc Steels, Semiotic Dynamics for Embodied Agents, IEEE Intelligent Systems, v.21 n.3, p.32-38, May 2006
	Miguel-Angel Sicilia, On the use of existing upper ontologies as a metadata integration mechanism, Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Dublin Core and metadata applications: vocabularies in practice, September 12-15, 2005, Madrid, Spain
	Mark J. Nelson , Michael Mateas, An interactive game-design assistant, Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, January 13-16, 2008, Gran Canaria, Spain
	Richard Dazeley , Beyong Ho Kang, Epistemological Approach to the Process of Practice, Minds and Machines, v.18 n.4, p.547-567, December 2008
	Wenhuan Lu , Mitsuru Ikeda, A uniform conceptual model for knowledge management of international copyright law, Journal of Information Science, v.34 n.1, p.93-109, February 2008
	E. Fischer , J. A. Makowsky , E. V. Ravve, Counting truth assignments of formulas of bounded tree-width or clique-width, Discrete Applied Mathematics, v.156 n.4, p.511-529, February, 2008
	Tom Barrett , David Jones , Jun Yuan , Mike Uschold, Applying Semantic Web technology to the integration of corporate information, International Journal of Web Engineering and Technology, v.2 n.2/3, p.231-247, December 2005
	John Prager , Sarah Luger , Jennifer Chu-Carroll, Type nanotheories: a framework for term comparison, Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management, November 06-10, 2007, Lisbon, Portugal
	Merete Hvalshagen , Vijay Khatri, ODAP: an ontological approach for expressing the semantics of analysis patterns in conceptual modeling, Information Technology and Management, v.9 n.2, p.121-134, June 2008
	Pavel Shvaiko, Guest editorial preface: Special issue on contexts and ontologies, The Knowledge Engineering Review, v.23 n.1, p.1-6, March 2008
	Yang Yang , Bin B. Zhu , Rui Guo , Linjun Yang , Shipeng Li , Nenghai Yu, A comprehensive human computation framework: with application to image labeling, Proceeding of the 16th ACM international conference on Multimedia, October 26-31, 2008, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
	Rudi L. Cilibrasi , Paul M. B. Vitanyi, The Google Similarity Distance, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, v.19 n.3, p.370-383, March 2007
	Jon Atle Gulla , Vijayan Sugumaran, An interactive ontology learning workbench for non-experts, Proceeding of the 2nd international workshop on Ontologies and nformation systems for the semantic web, October 30-30, 2008, Napa Valley, California, USA
	Yorick Wilks, On whose shoulders?, Computational Linguistics, v.34 n.4, p.471-486, December 2008
	Jonathan Grudin, Desituating action: digital representation of context, Human-Computer Interaction, v.16 n.2, p.269-286, December 2001
	Xiang Sean Zhou , Sonja Zillner , Manuel Moeller , Michael Sintek , Yiqiang Zhan , Arun Krishnan , Alok Gupta, Semantics and CBIR: a medical imaging perspective, Proceedings of the 2008 international conference on Content-based image and video retrieval, July 07-09, 2008, Niagara Falls, Canada
	Sandeep Purao , Veda C. Storey, A multi-layered ontology for comparing relationship semantics in conceptual models of databases, Applied Ontology, v.1 n.1, p.117-139, January 2005
	Siddharth Kaza , Hsinchun Chen, Evaluating ontology mapping techniques: An experiment in public safety information sharing, Decision Support Systems, v.45 n.4, p.714-728, November, 2008
	Pei Wang, Three fundamental misconceptions of Artificial Intelligence, Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, v.19 n.3, p.249-268, September 2007
	Lei Wu , Xian-Sheng Hua , Nenghai Yu , Wei-Ying Ma , Shipeng Li, Flickr distance, Proceeding of the 16th ACM international conference on Multimedia, October 26-31, 2008, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
	B. Boutsinas , T. Papastergiou, On clustering tree structured data with categorical nature, Pattern Recognition, v.41 n.12, p.3613-3623, December, 2008
	Yuxin Mao , Zhaohui Wu , Wenya Tian , Xiaohong Jiang , William K. Cheung, Dynamic sub-ontology evolution for traditional Chinese medicine web ontology, Journal of Biomedical Informatics, v.41 n.5, p.790-805, October, 2008
	Joerg Evermann, Theories of meaning in schema matching: An exploratory study, Information Systems, v.34 n.1, p.28-44, March, 2009
	Robert Speer , Jayant Krishnamurthy , Catherine Havasi , Dustin Smith , Henry Lieberman , Kenneth Arnold, An interface for targeted collection of common sense knowledge using a mixture model, Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, February 08-11, 2009, Sanibel Island, Florida, USA
	Cynthia Matuszek , Michael Witbrock , Robert C. Kahlert , John Cabral , Dave Schneider , Purvesh Shah , Doug Lenat, Searching for common sense: populating Cyc™ from the web, Proceedings of the 20th national conference on Artificial intelligence, p.1430-1435, July 09-13, 2005, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
	Brian Harrington , Stephen Clark, ASKNet: automated semantic knowledge network, Proceedings of the 22nd national conference on Artificial intelligence, p.889-894, July 22-26, 2007, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
	Timothy Chklovski , Yolanda Gil, An analysis of knowledge collected from volunteer contributors, Proceedings of the 20th national conference on Artificial intelligence, p.564-570, July 09-13, 2005, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
	Pei Wang, What Do You Mean by “AI”?, Proceeding of the 2008 conference on Artificial General Intelligence 2008: Proceedings of the First AGI Conference, p.362-373, June 20, 2008
	Martin Magnusson , Patrick Doherty, Temporal Action Logic for Question Answering in an Adventure Game, Proceeding of the 2008 conference on Artificial General Intelligence 2008: Proceedings of the First AGI Conference, p.236-247, June 20, 2008
	Brian Milch, Artificial General Intelligence through Large-Scale, Multimodal Bayesian Learning, Proceeding of the 2008 conference on Artificial General Intelligence 2008: Proceedings of the First AGI Conference, p.248-255, June 20, 2008
	Mathew Joseph , Luciano Serafini , Andrei Tamilin, Context shifting for effective search over large knowledge bases, Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Context, Information and Ontologies, p.1-9, June 01-01, 2009, Heraklion, Greece
	Hameedullah Kazi , Peter Haddawy , Siriwan Suebnukarn, Enriching Solution Space for Robustness in an Intelligent Tutoring System, Proceeding of the 2007 conference on Supporting Learning Flow through Integrative Technologies, p.547-550, June 12, 2007
	Sergey Sosnovsky , Peter Dolog , Nicola Henze , Peter Brusilovsky , Wolfgang Nejdl, Translation of Overlay Models of Student Knowledge for Relative Domains Based on Domain Ontology Mapping, Proceeding of the 2007 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Technology Rich Learning Contexts That Work, p.289-296, June 08, 2007
	Alexander Boer, Legal Theory, Sources of Law and the Semantic Web, Proceeding of the 2009 conference on Legal Theory, Sources of Law and the Semantic Web, p.1-316, July 15, 2009
	Heikki Ruuska , Naofumi Otani , Shinya Kiriyama , Yoichi Takebayashi, Creating Multi-Level Reflective Reasoning Models Based on Observation of Social Problem-Solving in Infants, Proceeding of the 2008 conference on Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XIX, p.100-113, June 15, 2008
	Lenhart Schubert, Turing's dream and the knowledge challenge, proceedings of the 21st national conference on Artificial intelligence, p.1534-1538, July 16-20, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts
	John F. Sowa, A Dynamic Theory of Ontology, Proceeding of the 2006 conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference (FOIS 2006), p.204-213, May 31, 2006
	Rinke Hoekstra , Joost Breuker , Marcello Di Bello , Alexander Boer, LKIF Core: Principled Ontology Development for the Legal Domain, Proceeding of the 2009 conference on Law, Ontologies and the Semantic Web: Channelling the Legal Information Flood, p.21-52, July 08, 2009
	Jan Scheffczyk , Adam Pease , Michael Ellsworth, Linking FrameNet to the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology, Proceeding of the 2006 conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference (FOIS 2006), p.289-300, May 31, 2006
	Oleg Ledeniov , Shaul Markovitch, The divide-and-conquer subgoal-ordering algorithm for speeding up logic inference, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, v.9 n.1, p.37-97, August 1998
	Robert Speer , Catherine Havasi , Henry Lieberman, AnalogySpace: reducing the dimensionality of common sense knowledge, Proceedings of the 23rd national conference on Artificial intelligence, p.548-553, July 13-17, 2008, Chicago, Illinois
	Evgeniy Gabrilovich , Shaul Markovitch, Wikipedia-based semantic interpretation for natural language processing, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, v.34 n.1, p.443-498, January 2009
	Aarti Gupta , Tim Oates, Using ontologies and the web to learn lexical semantics, Proceedings of the 20th international joint conference on Artifical intelligence, p.1618-1623, January 06-12, 2007, Hyderabad, India
	Thomas R. Hinrichs , Kenneth D. Forbus, Analogical learning in a turn-based strategy game, Proceedings of the 20th international joint conference on Artifical intelligence, p.853-858, January 06-12, 2007, Hyderabad, India
	Brian Harrington, ASKNet: automated semantic knowledge network, Proceedings of the 22nd national conference on Artificial intelligence, p.1862-1863, July 22-26, 2007, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
	Bruno Norberto Da Silva , Ana Cristina , Bicharra Garcia, KA-CAPTCHA: an opportunity for knowledge acquisition on the web, Proceedings of the 22nd national conference on Artificial intelligence, p.1322-1327, July 22-26, 2007, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
	Kurt Bollacker , Robert Cook , Patrick Tufts, Freebase: a shared database of structured general human knowledge, Proceedings of the 22nd national conference on Artificial intelligence, p.1962-1963, July 22-26, 2007, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
	Brian Harrington, ASKNet: automatically generating semantic knowledge networks, Proceedings of the 22nd national conference on Artificial intelligence, p.1931-1932, July 22-26, 2007, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
	Yorick Wilks , Christopher Brewster, Natural Language Processing as a Foundation of the Semantic Web, Foundations and Trends in Web Science, v.1 n.3$#8211;4, p.199-327, March 2009
	Tom O'Hara , Michael Witbrock , Bjern Aldag , Stefano Bertolo , Nancy Salay , Jon Curtis , Kathy Panton, Inducing criteria for lexicalization parts of speech using the Cyc KB, Proceedings of the 18th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence, p.1496-1497, August 09-15, 2003, Acapulco, Mexico
	Tom O'Hara , Janyce Wiebe, Exploiting semantic role resources for preposition disambiguation, Computational Linguistics, v.35 n.2, p.151-184, June 2009
	Nigel Shadbolt , Tim Berners-Lee , Wendy Hall, The Semantic Web Revisited, IEEE Intelligent Systems, v.21 n.3, p.96-101, May 2006
	Ritendra Datta , Jia Li , James Z. Wang, Exploiting the human-machine gap in image recognition for designing CAPTCHAs, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, v.4 n.3, p.504-518, September 2009
	Hans Chalupsky , Thomas A. Russ, WhyNot: debugging failed queries in large knowledge bases, Proceedings of the 14th conference on Innovative applications of artificial intelligence, p.870-877, July 28-August 01, 2002, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
	Samuel Sarjant , Catherine Legg , Michael Robinson , Olena Medelyan, "All You Can Eat" Ontology-Building: Feeding Wikipedia to Cyc, Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, p.341-348, September 15-18, 2009
	Miguel-angel Sicilia , Elena García-barriocanal , Salvador Sánchez-alonso , Daniel Rodríguez-garcía, Ontologies of engineering knowledge: General structure and the case of software engineering, The Knowledge Engineering Review, v.24 n.3, p.309-326, September 2009

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
I. Computing Methodologies
I.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Additional Classification:
C. Computer Systems Organization
C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

H. Information Systems
H.5 INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (I.7)

General Terms:
Design, Documentation, Theory

REVIEW

"Giuseppina Carla Gini : Reviewer"

The CYC project was established in 1984 as a ten-year project aimed at building a generic knowledge-based system expressing commonsense knowledge as used in almost all aspects of everyday life. The long development time of this project is pecu more...

Collaborative Colleagues:

Douglas B. Lenat: colleagues

Adobe Acrobat

QuickTime

Windows Media Player

Real Player