Reality mining: sensing complex social systems

ABSTRACT

We introduce a system for sensing complex social systems with data collected from 100 mobile phones over the course of 9 months. We demonstrate the ability to use standard Bluetooth-enabled mobile telephones to measure information access and use in different contexts, recognize social patterns in daily user activity, infer relationships, identify socially significant locations, and model organizational rhythms.

REFERENCES

• 1: Mike Addlesee , Rupert Curwen , Steve Hodges , Joe Newman , Pete Steggles , Andy Ward , Andy Hopper, Implementing a Sentient Computing System, Computer, v.34 n.8, p.50-56, August 2001 [doi>10.1109/2.940013]
• 2: Daniel Ashbrook , Thad Starner, Using GPS to learn significant locations and predict movement across multiple users, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, v.7 n.5, p.275-286, October 2003 [doi>10.1007/s00779-003-0240-0]
• 3: 3. Bar-Noy A, Kessler I (1993) Tracking mobile users in wireless communication networks. IEEE Trans Inform Theory 39(6):1877-1886.
• 4: Amiya Bhattacharya , Sajal K. Das, LeZi-update: an information-theoretic approach to track mobile users in PCS networks, Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking, p.1-12, August 15-19, 1999, Seattle, Washington, United States [doi>10.1145/313451.313457]
• 5: James Bo Begole , John C. Tang , Rosco Hill, Rhythm modeling, visualizations and applications, Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology, p.11-20, November 02-05, 2003, Vancouver, Canada [doi>10.1145/964696.964698]
• 6: Tanzeem Khalid Choudhury , Alex P. Pentland, Sensing and modeling human networks, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004
• 7: 7. Cox D, Kindratenko V, Pointer D (2003) IntelliBadge^TM: towards providing location-aware value-added services at academic conferences. In: Proceedings of UbiComp 2003, Lect Note Comput Sci 2864:264-280.
• 8: Richard O. Duda , Peter E. Hart , David G. Stork, Pattern Classification (2nd Edition), Wiley-Interscience, 2000
• 9: Nathan Eagle , Alex Pentland, Social Serendipity: Mobilizing Social Software, IEEE Pervasive Computing, v.4 n.2, p.28-34, April 2005 [doi>10.1109/MPRV.2005.37]
• 10: Johan Himberg , Kalle Korpiaho , Heikki Mannila , Johanna Tikanmäki , Hannu Toivonen, Time Series Segmentation for Context Recognition in Mobile Devices, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, p.203-210, November 29-December 02, 2001
• 11: 11. Holmquist LE, Falk J, Wigström J (1999) Supporting group collaboration with inter-personal awareness devices. J Pers Technol 3(1-2).
• 12: 12. Kim SJ, Lee CY (1996) Modeling and analysis of the dynamic location registration and paging in microcellular systems. IEEE Trans Vehicular Technol 45(1):82-90.
• 13: 13. Laasonen K, Raento M, Toivonen H (2004) Adaptive on-device location recognition. In: Proceedings for pervasive, pp. 287-304.
• 14: 14. Laibowitz M (2004) Parasitic mobility for sensate media, MS Thesis in Media Arts and Sciences, MIT, Cambridge.
• 15: 15. LaMarca A, Chawathe Y, Consolvo S, Hightower J, Smith I, Scott J, Sohn T, Howard J, Hughes J, Potter F, Tabert J, Powledge P, Borriello G, Schilit B (2005) Place lab: device positioning using radio beacons in the wild. In: Proceedings of the third international conference on pervasive computing, May 2005.
• 16: Michael G. Lamming , William M. Newman, Activity-based Information Retrieval: Technology in Support of Personal Memory, Proceedings of the IFIP 12th World Computer Congress on Personal Computers and Intelligent Systems - Information Processing '92 - Volume 3, p.68-81, September 07-11, 1992
• 17: 17. Liao L, Fox D, Kautz H (2004) Learning and inferring transportation routines. In: Proceedings for the national conference on artificial intelligence (AAAI-04), San Jose, CA.
• 18: 18. Mäntyjärvi J, Himberg J, Kangas P, Tuomela U, Huuskonen P (2004) Sensor signal data set for exploring context recognition of mobile devices. In: Workshop "Benchmarks and a database for context recognition" in conjunction with the 2nd international conference on pervasive computing (PERVASIVE 2004), April 18-23, Linz/Vienna, Austria.
• 19: Eric Paulos , Elizabeth Goodman, The familiar stranger: anxiety, comfort, and play in public places, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.223-230, April 24-29, 2004, Vienna, Austria [doi>10.1145/985692.985721]
• 20: Mika Raento , Antti Oulasvirta , Renaud Petit , Hannu Toivonen, ContextPhone: A Prototyping Platform for Context-Aware Mobile Applications, IEEE Pervasive Computing, v.4 n.2, p.51-59, April 2005 [doi>10.1109/MPRV.2005.29]
• 21: Jörg Roth , Claus Unger, Using Handheld Devices in Synchronous Collaborative Scenarios, Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing, p.187-199, September 25-27, 2000, Bristol, UK
• 22: 22. Schilit B, Adams N, Gold R, Tso M, Want R (1993) The ParcTab mobile computing system. In: Proceedings of the fourth workshop on workstation operating systems, pp. 34-39.
• 23: 23. Singh P, Williams W (2003) LifeNet: a propositional model of ordinary human activity. In: Proceedings of the workshop on distributed and collaborative knowledge capture (DC-KCAP) at K-CAP 2003.
• 24: Roy Want , Andy Hopper , Veronica Falcão , Jonathan Gibbons, The active badge location system, ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), v.10 n.1, p.91-102, Jan. 1992 [doi>10.1145/128756.128759]
• 25: 25. Wolf J, Guensler R, Bachman W (2001) Elimination of the travel diary: an experiment to derive trip purpose from GPS travel data. In: Proceedings from the transportation research board 80th annual meeting, Washington DC.
• 26: 26. Weld D, Anderson C, Domingos P, Etzioni O, Gajos K, Lau T, Wolfman S (2003) Automatically personalizing user interfaces. In: Proceedings of the international joint conference on artificial intelligence (IJCAI03), Acapulco, Mexico.
• 27: 27. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4257739.stm (verified April 13, 2004).
• 28: 28. http://www.bluetoothsig.com/emailfiles/Zelos.pdf (verified April 13, 2004).

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  H. Information Systems
  H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
      H.2.8 Database applications
          Subjects: Data mining

Additional Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
      C.2.1 Network Architecture and Design
          Subjects: Wireless communication
  C.5 COMPUTER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
      C.5.3 Microcomputers
          Subjects: Portable devices (e.g., laptops, personal digital assistants)

  H. Information Systems
  H.5 INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (I.7)
      H.5.2 User Interfaces (D.2.2, H.1.2, I.3.6)
          Subjects: User-centered design

General Terms:
Algorithms, Design

Keywords:
Bluetooth, Complex social systems, Mobile phones, User modeling, Wearable computing