Proxy-based task partitioning of watermarking algorithms for reducing energy consumption in mobile devices

ABSTRACT

Digital watermarking is a process that embeds an imperceptible signature or watermark in a digital file containing audio, image, text or video data. The watermark is later used to authenticate the data file and for tamper detection. It is particularly valuable in the use and exchange of digital media such as audio and video on emerging handheld devices. However, watermarking is computationally expensive and adds to the drain of the available energy in handheld devices. We present an approach in which we partition the watermarking embedding and extraction algorithms and migrate some tasks to a proxy server. This leads to a lower energy consumption on the handheld without compromising the security of the watermarking process. Our results show that executing watermarking partitioned between the proxy and the handheld reduces the total energy consumed by 80% over running it only on the handheld and improves performance by over two orders of magnitude.

REFERENCES

• 1: K. Tanaka, Y. Nakamura, and K. Matsui. Embedding secret information into a dithered multilevel image. In IEEE Military Communications Conference, pages 216--220, 1990.
• 2: F. P. Gonzalez and Juan R. Hernandez. A tutorial on digital watermarking. In IEEE Annual Carnahan Conference on Security Technology, 1999.
• 3: Lintian Qiao, Multimedia security and copyright protection, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 1998
• 4: O. Esparza, M. Fernandez, and M. Soriano. Protecting mobile agents by using traceability techniques. In International Conference on Information Technology, 2003.
• 5: http://www.digimarc.com.
• 6: Jim Bauerle et. al. Multimedia applications : Imaging, video, and security.
• 7: Verance. http://www.verance.com/.
• 8: http://www.real.com.
• 9: D. Van Thanh, Security Issues in Mobile Ecommerce, Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, p.412, September 06-08, 2000
• 10: Chung-Hwa Herman Rao , Yih-Fam Robin Chen , Ming-Feng Chen , Di-Fa Chang, iMobile: a proxy-based platform for mobile services, Proceedings of the first workshop on Wireless mobile internet, p.3-10, July 2001, Rome, Italy [doi>10.1145/381472.381483]
• 11: J. G. Steiner, B. C. Neumann, and J. I. Schiller. Kerberos : An authentication service for open network systems. In Proceedings of Winter USENIX Conference, pages 191--201, 1988.
• 12: B. C. Neuman. Proxy-based authorization and accounting for distributed systems. In International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, pages 283--291, May 1993.
• 13: Armando Fox , Steven D. Gribble, Security on the move: indirect authentication using Kerberos, Proceedings of the 2nd annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, p.155-164, November 1996, Rye, New York, United States [doi>10.1145/236387.236439]
• 14: B. Zenel. A proxy based filtering mechanism for the mobile environment. Technical Report CUCS-0-95, Computer Science Department, Columbia University, 1995.
• 15: M. Burnside , D. Clarke , T. Mills , A. Maywah , S. Devadas , R. Rivest, Proxy-based security protocols in networked mobile devices, Proceedings of the 2002 ACM symposium on Applied computing, March 11-14, 2002, Madrid, Spain [doi>10.1145/508791.508845]
• 16: Nachiketh R. Potlapally , Srivaths Ravi , Anand Raghunathan , Niraj K. Jha, Analyzing the energy consumption of security protocols, Proceedings of the 2003 international symposium on Low power electronics and design, August 25-27, 2003, Seoul, Korea [doi>10.1145/871506.871518]
• 17: H. Inoue, A. Miyazaki, A. Yamamoto, and T. Katsura. A digital watermark based on the wavelet transform and its robustness on image compression. In IEEE International Conference in Image Processing, pages 391--395, Oct 1998.
• 18: F. Hartung, J. K. Su, and B. Girod. Spread spectrum watermarking: Malicious attacks and counterattacks. In Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, pages 147--158, Jan 1999.
• 19: Andrew D. Gordon , Alan Jeffrey, Types and Effects for Asymmetric Cryptographic Protocols, Proceedings of the 15th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Workshop (CSFW'02), p.77, June 24-26, 2002
• 20: I. Daubechies. Orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets. In Comm. Pure & Appl. Math., pages 909--996, 1998.
• 21: M. Corvi and G. Nicchiotti. Wavelet-based image watermarking for copyright protection. In Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis, Lappeenranta, Finland, June 1997.
• 22: R. Dugad, K. Ratakonda, and N. Ahuja. A new wavelet-based scheme for watermarking images. In Proceedings of International Conference Image Processing, pages 357--372, Oct 1998.
• 23: J. R. Kim and Y. S. Moon. A robust wavelet-based digital watermark using level-adaptive thresholding. In Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Kobe, Japan, Oct 1999.
• 24: H. M. Wang, P. Su, and C. J. Kuo. Wavelet-based digital image watermarking. In Opt. Express, pages 491--496, Dec 1998.
• 25: X. G. Xia, C. G. Boncelet, and G. R. Arce. Wavelet transform based watermarking for digital images. In Opt. Express, pages 497--511, Dec 1998.
• 26: L. Xie and G. Arce. Joint wavelet compression and authentication watermarking. In Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Chicago, IL, Oct 1998.
• 27: W. Zhu, Z. Xiong, and Y. Q. Zhang. Multiresolution watermarking for images and video: A unified approach. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 9(4):545--550, 1999.
• 28: P. Meerwald. Digital image watermarking in the wavelet transform domain. Master's thesis, Department of Scientific Computing, University of Salzburg, Austria, Jan 2001.
• 29: Source code distribution of several watermarking algorithms. http://www.cosy.sbg.ac.at/ pmeerw/Watermarking/source/.

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  K. Computing Milieux
  K.4 COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY
      K.4.4 Electronic Commerce

General Terms:
Performance, Security

Keywords:
handhelds, partitioning, proxy, watermarking