Image presentation in space and time: errors, preferences and eye-gaze activity

ABSTRACT

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) is a technique that allows images to be presented sequentially in the time-domain, thereby offering an alternative to the conventional concurrent display of images in the space domain. Such an alternative offers potential advantages where display area is at a premium. However, notwithstanding the flexibility to employ either or both domains for presentation purposes, little is known about the alternatives suited to specific tasks undertaken by a user. As a consequence there is a pressing need to provide guidance for the interaction designer faced with these alternatives.We investigated the task of identifying the presence or absence of a previously viewed image within a collection of images, a requirement of many real activities. In experiments with subjects, the collection of images was presented in three modes (1) 'slide show' RSVP mode; (2) concurrently and statically -- 'static mode'; and (3) a 'mixed' mode. Each mode employed the same display area and the same total presentation time, together regarded as primary resources available to the interaction designer. For each presentation mode, the outcome identified error profiles and subject preferences. Eye-gaze studies detected distinctive differences between the three presentation modes.

REFERENCES

• 1: Boff, K. R. and Lincoln, J. E. (1988) "Engineering Data Compendium: Human Perception and Performance", Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: USAF Harry G. Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory (AAMRL).
• 2: Coltheart, V. (Ed.) (1999) "Fleeting memories", Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
• 3: Oscar de Bruijn , Robert Spence, Rapid serial visual presentation: a space-time trade-off in information presentation, Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces, p.189-192, May 2000, Palermo, Italy [doi>10.1145/345513.345309]
• 4: de Bruijn, O., Spence, R. and Chong, M. (2001) "RSVP Browser: web browsing on small screen devices", Proc. Mobile HCI 2001 -- 3rd Int. Workshop on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices, Lille, France.
• 5: Oscar de Bruijn , Robert Spence, Rapid serial visual presentation: a space-time trade-off in information presentation, Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces, p.189-192, May 2000, Palermo, Italy [doi>10.1145/345513.345309]
• 6: Andrew T. Duchowski, Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Secaucus, NJ, 2003
• 7: LC Technologies (2003) "Eye-tracking from LC Technologies, Inc.", <u>http://eyegaze.com</u>
• 8: Meyers, R. H., Montgomery, D. C., & Vining, G. G. (2002). Generalized Linear Models With Applications in Engineering and the Sciences. Wiley series in probability and statistics, Wiley and Sons.
• 9: Potter, M. C. (1999). "Understanding sentences and scenes: The role of Conceptual Short Term Memory", in V. Coltheart (Ed.), Fleeting memories, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 13--46.
• 10: Kerry Rodden , Kenneth R. Wood, How do people manage their digital photographs?, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, April 05-10, 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA [doi>10.1145/642611.642682]
• 11: Robert Spence, Rapid, serial and visual: a presentation technique with potential, Information Visualization, v.1 n.1, p.13-19, March 2002 [doi>10.1057/palgrave/ivs/9500008]
• 12: Tony Tse , Gary Marchionini , Wei Ding , Laura Slaughter , Anita Komlodi, Dynamic key frame presentation techniques for augmenting video browsing, Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces, May 24-27, 1998, L'Aquila, Italy [doi>10.1145/948496.948522]
• 13: Witkowski, M., Arafa, Y. and de Bruijn, O. (2001) "Evaluating User Reaction to Character Agent Mediated Displays Using Eye-tracking Technology", in Proc. AISB'01 Sym. On Information Agents for Electronic Commerce, pp. 79--87.
• 14: Witkowski, M., Neville, B. and Pitt, J. (2003) "Agent Mediated Retailing in the Connected Local Community", Interacting with Computers 15, pp. 5--32.
• 15: Kent Wittenburg , Clifton Forlines , Tom Lanning , Alan Esenther , Shigeo Harada , Taizo Miyachi, Rapid serial visual presentation techniques for consumer digital video devices, Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology, p.115-124, November 02-05, 2003, Vancouver, Canada [doi>10.1145/964696.964709]
• 16: Wittenburg, K., Chiyoda, C., Heinrichs, M. and Lanning., T. (2000) "Browsing through rapid-fire imaging: requirements and industry initiatives", in Proceedings of Electronic Imaging 2000, San Jose, CA.

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  H. Information Systems
  H.5 INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (I.7)
      H.5.2 User Interfaces (D.2.2, H.1.2, I.3.6)

General Terms:
Design, Experimentation, Human Factors

Keywords:
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation, eye-gaze tracking, space-time trade-off, visual information browsing, visual interface design