Propagation of trust and distrust

ABSTRACT

A (directed) network of people connected by ratings or trust scores, and a model for propagating those trust scores, is a fundamental building block in many of today's most successful e-commerce and recommendation systems. We develop a framework of trust propagation schemes, each of which may be appropriate in certain circumstances, and evaluate the schemes on a large trust network consisting of 800K trust scores expressed among 130K people. We show that a small number of expressed trusts/distrust per individual allows us to predict trust between any two people in the system with high accuracy. Our work appears to be the first to incorporate distrust in a computational trust propagation setting.

REFERENCES

Note: OCR errors may be found in this Reference List extracted from the full text article. ACM has opted to expose the complete List rather than only correct and linked references.

	1	G. Ackerlof. The market for lemons: Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84:488--500, 1970.
	2	A. Armstrong and J. Hagel III. The real value of online communities. Harvard Business Review, pages 134--141, 1996.
	3	C. Avery, P. Resnick, and R. Zeckhauser. The market for evaluations. The American Economic Review, 89:564--584, 1999.
	4	S. Ba and P. Pavlou. Evidence of the effect of trust building technology in electronic markets: Price premiums and buyer behavior. MIS Quarterly, 26(3):243--268, 2002.
	5	Sulin Ba , Andrew B. Whinston , Han Zhang, Building trust in online auction markets through an economic incentive mechanism, Decision Support Systems, v.35 n.3, p.273-286, June 2003 [doi>10.1016/S0167-9236(02)00074-X]
	6	Thomas Beth , Malte Borcherding , Birgit Klein, Valuation of Trust in Open Networks, Proceedings of the Third European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, p.3-18, November 07-09, 1994
	7	Andrei Broder , Ravi Kumar , Farzin Maghoul , Prabhakar Raghavan , Sridhar Rajagopalan , Raymie Stata , Andrew Tomkins , Janet Wiener, Graph structure in the Web, Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking, v.33 n.1-6, p.309-320, June 2000
	8	Michael Burrows , Martin Abadi , Roger Needham, A logic of authentication, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS), v.8 n.1, p.18-36, Feb. 1990 [doi>10.1145/77648.77649]
	9	J. Coleman. Foundations of Social Theory. Harvard University Press, 1990.
	10	U. Frendrup, H. Huttel, and J. N. Jensen. Modal logics for cryptographic processes. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, 68(1), 2002.
	11	M. Gladwell. The Tipping Point, How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Little Brown, 2000.
	12	D. Houser and J. Wooders. Reputation in auctions: Theory, and evidence from eBay. Technical report, University of Arizona, 2000.
	13	D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, and A. Tversky. Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge University Press, 1982.
	14	Sepandar D. Kamvar , Mario T. Schlosser , Hector Garcia-Molina, The Eigentrust algorithm for reputation management in P2P networks, Proceedings of the 12th international conference on World Wide Web, May 20-24, 2003, Budapest, Hungary [doi>10.1145/775152.775242]
	15	Jon M. Kleinberg, Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment, Journal of the ACM (JACM), v.46 n.5, p.604-632, Sept. 1999 [doi>10.1145/324133.324140]
	16	P. Kollock. The production of trust in online markets. In E. J. Lawler amd M. Macy, S. Thyne, and H. A. Walker, editors, Advances in Group Processes, volume 16, pages 99--123. JAI Press, 1999.
	17	C. G. McDonald and V. C. Slawson Jr. Reputation in an internet auction model. Technical report, University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000.
	18	B. Misztal. Trust in Modern Societies: The Search for the Bases of Social Order. Polity Press, 1996.
	19	P. Resnick and R. Zeckhauser. Trust among strangers in internet transactions: Empirical analysis of eBay's reputation system. Technical report, University of Michigan, 2001.
	20	Paul Resnick , Ko Kuwabara , Richard Zeckhauser , Eric Friedman, Reputation systems, Communications of the ACM, v.43 n.12, p.45-48, Dec. 2000 [doi>10.1145/355112.355122]
	21	M. Richardson, R. Agrawal, and P. Domingos. Trust management for the semantic web. In Proceedings of the Second International Semantic Web Conference, pages 351--368, 2003.
	22	J. M. Snyder. Online auction fraud: Are the auction houses doing all they should or could to stop online fraud. Federal Communications Law Journal, 52:453--472, 2000.
	23	P. Sztompka. Trust: A Sociological Theory. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
	24	The MIT PGP Team.
	25	Bin Yu , Munindar P. Singh, A Social Mechanism of Reputation Management in Electronic Communities, Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Cooperative Information Agents IV, The Future of Information Agents in Cyberspace, p.154-165, July 07-09, 2000