1

Most of the items listed below have dates in the 1950s; thus many that appeared in the open literature will be obtainable only in the largest and oldest collections. The items with an asterisk were either not published or were of such a nature as to make their availability even less likely than that of the other items.

2

Adams, Charles W., and Laning, J. H., Jr. (1954) May. The MIT systems of automatic coding: Comprehensive, Summer Session, and Algebraic. In Proc. Symp. on Automatic Programming for Digital Computers. Washington, D.C.: The Office of Naval Research.

3

*Addenda to the FORTRAN Programmer's Reference Manual (1957) February 8. Transmitted to Dr. John Greenstadt, Special Programs Group, Applied Science Division, IBM, for distribution to SHARE members, by letter from John W. Backus, Programming Research Dept. IBM. 5 pp.

4

*Additions to FORTRAN II (1958). Description of Source Language Additions to the FORTRAN II System. New York: Programming Research, IBM Corp. (Distributed to users of FORTRAN III. 12 pp.)

5

*Ash, R., Broadwin, E., Della Valle, V., Katz, C., Greene, M., Jenny, A., and Yu, L. (1957). Preliminary Manual for MATH-MATIC and ARITH-MATIC Systems (for Algebraic Translation and Compilation for UNIVAC I and II). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Remington Rand Univac.

6

J. W. Backus, The IBM 701 Speedcoding System, Journal of the ACM (JACM), v.1 n.1, p.4-6, Jan. 1954  [doi>10.1145/320764.320766]

7

*Backus, John (1954b). Letter to J. H. Laning, Jr.

8

Backus, J. W. (1958) November. Automatic programming: properties and performance of FORTRAN systems I and II. In Proc. Symp. on the Mechanisation of Thought Processes. Teddington, Middlesex, England: The National Physical Laboratory.

9

John Backus, Can programming be liberated from the von Neumann style?: a functional style and its algebra of programs, Communications of the ACM, v.21 n.8, p.613-641, Aug. 1978  [doi>10.1145/359576.359579]

10

Backus, John (1980). Programming in America in the nineteen fifties---some personal impressions. In A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century (Proc. Internat. Conf. on the History of Computing, June 10-15, 1976) (N. Metropolis et al., eds.), pp. 125--135. Academic Press, New York.

11

Backus, J. W., and Heising, W. P. (1964) August. FORTRAN. IEEE Transactions on Electronic ComputersEC-13(4): 382--385.

12

Backus, John W., and Herrick, Harlan (1954) May. IBM 701 Speedcoding and other automatic programming systems. In Proc. Symp. on Automatic Programming for Digital Computers. Washington, D.C.: The Office of Naval Research.

13

Backus, J. W., Beeber, R. J., Best, S., Goldberg, R., Haibt, L. M., Herrick, H. L., Nelson, R. A., Sayre, D., Sheridan, P. B., Stern, H., Ziller, I., Hughes, R. A., and Nutt, R. (1957) February. The FORTRAN automatic coding system. In Proc. Western Joint Computer Gonf., Los Angeles.

14

Charles L. Baker, The PACT I Coding System for the IBM Type 701, Journal of the ACM (JACM), v.3 n.4, p.272-278, Oct. 1956  [doi>10.1145/320843.320845]

15

Belady, L. A. (1965) June 15. Measurements on Programs: One Level Store Simulation. Yorktown Heights, New York: IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. Report RC 1420.

16

Böhm, Corrado (1954). Calculatrices digitales: Du déchiffrage de formules logico-mathématiques par la machine même dans la conception du programme. Annali di Mathematica Pura ed Applicata37(4): 175--217.

17

Bouricius, Willard G. (1953) December. Operating experience with the Los Alamos 701. In Proc. Eastern Joint Computer Conf., Washington, D.C., pp. 45--47.

18

Bright, Herbert S. (1971) November. FORTRAN comes to Westinghouse-Bettis, 1957. Computers and Automation20(11): 17--18.

19

Brown, J. H., and Carr, John W., III (1954) May. Automatic programming and its development on MIDAC. In Proc. Symp. on Automatic Programming for Digital Computers. Washington, D.C.: The Office of Naval Research.

20

John Cocke, Programming languages and their compilers: Preliminary notes, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 1969

21

Paul Cress , Paul Dirksen , J. Wesley Graham, FORTRAN IV with WATFOR and WATFIV, Prentice Hall Press, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1970

22

Edsger Wybe Dijkstra, A Discipline of Programming, Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1997

23

Grems, Mandalay, and Porter, R. E. (1956). A truly automatic programming system. In Proc. Western Joint Computer Conf., San Francisco, pp. 10--21.

24

C. A. R. Hoare, An axiomatic basis for computer programming, Communications of the ACM, v.12 n.10, p.576-580, Oct. 1969  [doi>10.1145/363235.363259]

25

*IBM (1956) October 15. Programmer's Reference Manual, The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM. New York: IBM Corp. {Applied Science Division and Programming Research Dept., Working Committee: J. W. Backus, R. J. Beeber, S. Best, R. Goldberg, H. L. Herrick, R. A. Hughes (Univ. of Calif. Radiation Lab., Livermore, Calif.), L. B. Mitchell, R. A. Nelson, R. Nutt (United Aircraft Corp., East Hartford, Conn.), D. Sayre, P. B. Sheridan, H. Stern, and I. Ziller.}

26

*IBM (1957). Programmer's Primer for FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704. New York: IBM Corp. Form No. 32--0306.

27

Knuth, Donald E., and Trabb Pardo, Luis (1977). Early development of programming languages. In Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology. Vol. 7, pp. 419--493. New York: Dekker.

28

*Laning, J. H., and Zierler, N. (1954) January. A Program for Translation of Mathematical Equations for Whirlwind I. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Instrumentation Lab. Engineering Memorandum E-364.

29

McCracken, Daniel D. (1961). A Guide to FORTRAN Programming. New York: Wiley.

30

Moser, Nora B. (1954) May. Compiler method of automatic programming. In Proc. Symp. on Automatic Programming for Digital Computers. Washington, D.C.: The Office of Naval Research.

31

Muller, David E. (1954) May. Interpretive routines in the ILLIAC library. In Proc. Symp. on Automatic Programming for Digital Computers. Washington, D.C.: The Office of Naval Research.

32

*Operator's Manual (1957) April 8. Preliminary Operator's Manual for the FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM. New York: IBM Corp. Programming Research Dept.

33

Organick, Elliot I. (1963). A FORTRAN Primer. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.

34

*Perlis, A. J., Smith, J. W., and Van Zoeren, H. R. (1957) March. Internal Translator (IT): A Compiler for the 650. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Carnegie Institute of Tech.

35

*Preliminary Report (1954) November 10. Specifications for the IBM Mathematical FORmula TRANslating System, FORTRAN. New York: IBM Corp. (Report by Programming Research Group, Applied Science Division, IBM. Distributed to prospective 704 customers and other interested parties. 29 pp.)

36

*Proposed Specifications (1957) September 25. Proposed Specifications for FORTRAN II for the 704. (Unpublished memorandum, Programming Research Dept. IBM.)

37

*Remington-Rand, Inc. (1953) November 15. The A-2 Compiler System Operations Manual. Prepared by Richard K. Ridgway and Margaret H. Harper under the direction of Grace M. Hopper.

38

Rutishauser, Heinz (1952). Automatische Rechenplanfertigung bei programmgesteuerten Rechenmaschinen. In Mitteilungen aus dem Inst. für angew. Math. an der E. T. H. Zürich. No. 3. Basel: Birkhäuser.

39

Jean E. Sammet, Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1969

40

*Schlesinger, S. I. (1953) July. Dual Coding System. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Los Alamos Scientific Lab. Los Alamos Report LA 1573.

41

Peter B. Sheridan, The arithmetic translator-compiler of the IBM FORTRAN automatic coding system, Communications of the ACM, v.2 n.2, p.9-21, Feb. 1959  [doi>10.1145/368280.368289]

42

Zuse, K. (1959). Über den Plankalkül. Elektron, Rechenanl. 1: 68--71.

43

Zuse, K. (1972). Der Plankalkül. Berichte der Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung. 63, part 3. (Manuscript prepared in 1945.)

Matti Tedre, The development of computer science: a sociocultural perspective, Proceedings of the 6th Baltic Sea conference on Computing education research: Koli Calling 2006, February 01-01, 2006, Uppsala, Sweden

Chen Ding , Maksim Orlovich, The Potential of Computation Regrouping for Improving Locality, Proceedings of the 2004 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing, p.13, November 06-12, 2004

Jean E. Sammet, History of IBM's technical contributions to high level programming languages, IBM Journal of Research and Development, v.25 n.5, p.520-534, September 1981

John Backus: colleagues