What have we learnt from using real parallel machines to solve real problems?

ABSTRACT

We briefly review some key scientific and parallel processing issues in a selection of some 84 existing applications of parallel machines. We include the MIMD hypercube transputer array, BBN Butterfly, and the SIMD ICL DAP, Goodyear MPP and Connection Machine from Thinking Machines. We use a space-time analogy to classify problems and show how a division into synchronous, loosely synchronous and asynchronous problems is helpful. This classifies problems into those suitable for SIMD or MIMD machines and isolates the asynchronous class as that for which major uncertainties as to possible parallelism exist. Interestingly about half of the scientific applications run excellently on SIMD machines with the other half able to take especial advantage of the MIMD architecture.

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• Jacob 86: George K. Jacob , A. Richard Newton , Donald O. Pederson, An empirical analysis of the performance of a multiprocessor-based circuit simulator, Proceedings of the 23rd ACM/IEEE conference on Design automation, p.588-593, July 1986, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
• Jackson 88: J. A. Jackson , L. M. Liebrock , L. R. Ziegler, A hybrid hypercube algorithm for the symmetric tridiagonal eigenvalue problem, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1546-1547, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63113]
• Jeffrey 87: Jeffrey, W., Simon, R., Celmaster, W., Tenerbaum, E., and Rosner, R. 1987 "Functional Optimization and Pattern Selection in Rayleigh-Benard Convection: An Implementation on the BBN Butterfly Parallel Processor," Jour. Comp. Phys. to appear.
• Jefferson 88: D. Jefferson , B. Beckman , L. Blume , M. Diloreto , P. Hontalas , P. Reiher , K. Sturdevant , J. Tupman , J. Wedel , F. Wieland , H. Younger, The status of the time warp operating system, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications: Architecture, software, computer systems, and general issues, p.738-744, January 19-20, 1988, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/62297.62392]
• Johnson 86: Johnson, M. A 1986 ~Concurrent computation and its application to the study of melting in two dimensions," Caltech Ph.D. dissertation (1986), Caltech report C3P-268.
• Johnsson 85: S. Lennart Johnsson, Band matrix systems solvers on ensemble architecture, Supercomputers: algorithms, architectures, and scientific computation, University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, 1990
• Johnsson 87: Johnsson, L. and Ho, C-T. 1987 "Matrix Multiplication on Boolean Cubes Using Generic Communication Primitives," to appear in Proceedings of the ARO Workshop on Parallel Processing and Medium-Scale Multiprocessors, (1986).
• Jones 88: J. P. Jones, A concurrent on-board vision system for a mobile robot, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1022-1032, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63056]
• Kao 87: S. T. Kao , E. L. Leiss, An experimental implementation of migration algorithms on the Intel Hypercube, International Journal of Supercomputer Applications and High Performance Engineering, v.1 n.2, p.75-99, Summer 1987
• Kimball 87: Kimball, O., Cosell, L., Schwartz, R. and Krasner, M. 1987 "Efficient implementation of Continuous Speech Recognition on a Large Scale Parallel Processor," IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Dallas, Texas, April 1987.
• Kolawa 1988a: A. Kolawa , G. C. Fox, Use of the hypercube for symbolic quantum chromodynamics, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1408-1419, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63097]
• Knuth 73c: Donald E. Knuth, The art of computer programming, volume 3: (2nd ed.) sorting and searching, Addison Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Redwood City, CA, 1998
• Kung 87: Invited talk on WARP project at Royal Society discussion meeting, Dec. 9-10, 1987, to be published by Prentice Hall.
• Lamont 88: G. B. Lamont , D. J. Shakley, Parallel expert system search techniques for a real-time application, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1352-1359, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63090]
• Leonard 87: Chua, K. and Leonard, A., 1987 "Three Dimensional Vortex Methods and the Vortex Reconnection Problem," Bulletin of the American Physical Society, to be published.
• Liewer 88: P. C. Liewer , V. K. Decyk , J. M. Dawson , G. C. Fox, A universal concurrent algorithm for plasma particle-in-cell simulation codes, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1101-1107, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63063]
• Little 87: Little, J. J., Blelloch, G. E., and Cuss, T. 1987 "Parallel Algorithms for Computer Vision on the Connection Machine," Proc. Int. Conf. on Computer Vision, June, 1987.
• Lin 88: X. Lin , T. F. Chan , W. J. Karplus, The fast Hartley transform on the hypercube multiprocessors, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1451-1454, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63101]
• Lubachevsky 87: Lubachevsky, B. D. 1987 "Efficient Parallel Simulations of Asynchronous Cellular Arrays," Complex Systems 1, 1099.
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• Lyzenga 88: G. A. Lyzenga , A. Raefsky , B. Nour-Omid, Implementing finite element software on hypercube machines, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1755-1761, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63134]
• Ma 88: R. P. Ma , F-S. Tsung , M-H. Ma, A dynamic load balancer for a parallel branch and bound algorithm, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1505-1513, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63108]
• Madisetti 88a: V. K. Madisetti , D. G. Messerschmitt, Seismic migration algorithms on parallel computers, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1180-1186, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63071]
• Madisetti 88b: Madisetti, V., Walrand J. and Messerschmitt, D. 1988 "WOLF: A Rollback Algorithm for Optimistic Distributed Simulation Systems," submitted to SCS, Seattle, 1988.
• Malone 87: Malone, J. G. 1987 "Automated Mesh Decomposition and Concurrent Finite Element Analysis for Hypercube Multiprocessors Computers," GMR- 5893 General Motors Research Laboratory report, Oct. 1, 1987.
• Marinari 86: Marinari, E. I986 "The APE computer and lattice gauge theory," Proceedings of the Wupperetal Workshop on Lattice Gauge Theory, edited by r. Burk, K. H. Miitter, and K. Schilling, Plenum Press, New York.
• Mattisson 86: Mattisson, S. 1986 "CONCISE, A Concurrent Circuit Simulation Program," Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Applied Electronics, Lurid Institute of Technology, Sweden.
• MeBryan 87: Mc~ryan, O. 1987 "The Connection Machine: PDE solution on 65,536 Processors," Los Alamos report.
• McBurney 88: D. McBurney , M. R. Sleep, Transputers + virtual tree kernel = real speedups, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications: Architecture, software, computer systems, and general issues, p.128-137, January 19-20, 1988, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/62297.62314]
• Miller 88: R. Miller , Q. F. Stout, Computational geometry on hypercube computers, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1220-1229, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63076]
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• Norman 87: Norman, M. G. 1987 "A Three-Dimensional Image Processing Program for a Parallel Computer," M. Sc. Thesis, Dept. of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh.
• Olesen 88: T-H. Olesen , J. Petersen, Vectorized dissection on the hypercube, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1762-1769, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63135]
• O’Neil 87: O'Neil, E., Allik, H., Moore, S., and Tenebaum, E. "Finite element analysis on the BBN Butterfly multiprocessor," in the Proceedings of the Second international Conference on Supercomputing," published by the International Supercomputing Institute Inc., St. Petersburg, Florida, (May 1987).
• Orcutt 88: D. E. Orcutt, Implementation of Ray tracing on the hypercube, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1207-1210, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63074]
• Otto 88: Otto, W., Felten, E. and Martin, O. (CCNY) 1988 "Multi Scale Training of Large Back-Propagation Networks," Caltech report C3P-608.
• Ozguner 88: F. Ozguner , C. Aykanat , O. Khalid, Logic fault simulation on a vector hypercube multiprocessor, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1108-1116, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63064]
• Palmer 86: Palmer, J. 1986 "The NCUBE: A VLSI parallel supercomputer," Hy~ercube Multi~rocessors 1986, edited by M_ T. Heath, SIAM 1986.
• Pargas 88: R. P. Pargas , D. E. Wooster, Branch-and-bound algorithms on a hypercube, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1514-1519, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63109]
• Patterson 86: Patterson, J. 1986 "Householder Transformation, Decomposition, Results, Some Observations," unpublished Caltech report C3P-297.5.
• Pawley 82: Pawley, G. S. and Thomas, G. W. 1982 Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 410.
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• Pfaltz 88: J. L. Pfaltz , S. H. Son , J. C. French, ADAMS interface language, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1382-1389, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63094]
• Pollara 86: Pollara, F. 1986 "Concurrent Viterbi Algorithm with Trace-Back," in August 1986 Conference of International Society of Optical Engineering, Advanced Algorithms and Architectures for Signal Processing, Vol. 696 of SPIE Proceedings, 204, Caltech report CAP-462.
• Pothen 88: A. Pothen , P. Raghavan, Distributed orthogonal factorization, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1610-1620, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63122]
• Rao 87: Rao, V. N., Kumar, V., and Ramesh, K. 1987 "Parallel Heuristic Search on Shared Memory Multiprocessors: Preliminary Results," Proc. of the MCC University Symposium, Austin Texas, July 1987.
• Renaut 88: R. Renaut , J. Petersen, Evaluation of a vector hypercube for seismic modelling, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1187-1192, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63072]
• Salmon 86: Salmon, J. and Hogan, C. 1986 "Correlation of QSO Absorption Lines in Universes Dominated by Cold Dark Matter,' Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 221, 93, Caltech report CsP-211.
• Salmon 87: Salmon, J., Callahan, S., Flower, J., Kolawa, A. 1987 "A MOOSE Status Report," Caltech report C3P-427.
• Salmon 88a: J. Salmon , S. Callahan , J. Flower , A. Kolawa, Moose: a multi-tasking operating system of hypercubes, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications: Architecture, software, computer systems, and general issues, p.391-396, January 19-20, 1988, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/62297.62342]
• Salmon 88b: J. Salmon, A mathematical analysis of the scattered decomposition, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications: Architecture, software, computer systems, and general issues, p.239-240, January 19-20, 1988, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/62297.62326]
• Sammes 87: "First US/UK Workshop Parallel Processing," Held at the Royal Military College of Science, Shrivenham, UK 13-17 July 1987 Volume 1, October 1987.
• Schemer 84: Schemer, J. and Neches, P. 1984 "The genesis of a database computer," IEEE Computer Magazine, 19.
• Schwan 88b: K. Schwan , J. Gawkowski , B. Blake, Process and workload migration for a parallel branch-and-bound algorithm on a hypercube multicomputer, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1520-1530, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63110]
• Seidel 88: S. R. Seidel , W. L. George, Binsorting on hypercubes with d-port communication, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1455-1461, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63102]
• Skjellum 88: A. Skjellum , M. Morari , S. Nattisson, Waveform relaxation for concurrent dynamic simulation of distillation columns, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1062-1071, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63060]
• Son 88: S. H. Son , J. L. Pfaltz, Reliability mechanisms for ADAMS, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1390-1397, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63095]
• Stanfill 86: Craig Stanfill , Brewster Kahle, Parallel free-text search on the connection machine system, Communications of the ACM, v.29 n.12, p.1229-1239, Dec. 1986 [doi>10.1145/7902.7907]
• Stunkel 88: C. B. Stunkel , D. A. Reed, Hypercube implementation of the simplex algorithm, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1473-1482, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63104]
• Taylor 88: S. Taylor , R. Shapiro , E. Shapiro, FCP: a summary of performance results, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1364-1373, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63092]
• Toffoli 88: Toffoli, T. and Margolus, N. 1988 "Cellular Automata Machines," MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
• Toomarian 88: N. Toomarian, A concurrent neural network algorithm for the traveling salesman problem, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1483-1490, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63105]
• Van de Velde 87a: Van de Velde, E. F. and Keller, H. B. 1987 "The design of a parallel multigrid algorithm," in the Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Supercomputing at Santa Clara, published by the Internation Supercomputing Institute, Inc., St. Petersburg, Florida, Caltech report CAP-406.
• Van de Velde 87b: Van de Velde, E. F. and Keller, H. B. 1987 "The parallel solution of nonlinear elliptic equations," Caltech report CSP-447.
• Walker 88b: D. W. Walker , G. C. Fox , G. R. Montry, The Flux-corrected transport algorithm on the NCUBE hypercube, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1117-1126, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63065]
• Walker 88c: D. W. Walker, Performance of a QCD code on the NCUBE hypercube, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications: Architecture, software, computer systems, and general issues, p.180-187, January 19-20, 1988, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/62297.62320]
• Wall 86: Wall, C. E. 1986 "Numerical Investigation of Hyperscaling and Real Space Renormalization Group Transformations in the Three-Dimensional Ising Model," Ph.D. Thesis, Edinburgh.
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• Weissbein 88: D. A. Weissbein , J. F. Mangus , M. W. George, Solution of the 3-D Euler equations for the flow about a fighter aircraft configuration using a hypercube parallel processor, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1127-1136, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63066]
• Werner 88: B. T. Werner , P. K. Haff, Dynamical simulations of granular materials using the Caltech hypercube, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1313-1318, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63085]
• Wieland 88: F. Wieland , L. Hawley , A. Feinberg, Implementing a distributed combat simulation on the Time Warp operating system, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1269-1276, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63080]
• Willebeek 88: M. Willebeek-LeMair , A. P. Reeves, Region growing on a hypercube multiprocessor, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1033-1042, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63057]
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• Williams 87: Williams, R. 1987 "Dynamical Grid Optimization for Langrangian Hydrodynamics," Caltech report C sp-424.
• Williams 88: R. D. Williams, DIME: a programming environment for unstructured triangular meshes on a distributed-memory parallel processor, Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications, p.1770-1787, January 1989, Pasadena, California, United States [doi>10.1145/63047.63136]
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INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.1 PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES

Additional Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.1 PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES
      C.1.2 Multiple Data Stream Architectures (Multiprocessors)
          Subjects: Multiple-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream processors (MIMD); Single-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream processors (SIMD); Parallel processors**

  J. Computer Applications

General Terms:
Performance