Energy-aware routing in MANETs: analysis and enhancements

ABSTRACT

Wireless mobile ad hoc stations have limited battery capacity. Hence, ad hoc routing protocols ought to be energy conservative. However, The simulation studies carried out for table-driven and on-demand ad hoc routing protocols fall short of examining essential power-based performance metrics, such as average node and network lifetime, energy-based protocol fairness, average dissipated energy per protocol, and standard deviation of the energy dissipated by each individual node. In this paper, we present a thorough energy-based performance study of power-aware routing protocols for wireless mobile ad hoc networks. Our energy consumption model is based on a detailed implementation of the IEEE 802.11 physical layer convergence protocol (PLCP) and medium access control (MAC) sublayers. To our best knowledge, this is the first such detailed performance study. Moreover, we propose some novel enhancements to routing in wireless ad hoc networks that enables the admission of flows without jeopardizing the limited energy of the wireless stations.

REFERENCES

• 1: Dennis Baker and Anthony Ephremides, "The architectural organization of a mobile radio network via a distributed algorithm," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. COM-29, no. 11, pp. 56--73, Jan. 1981.
• 2: Manish Bhardwaj and Anantha Chandrakasan, "Bounding the lifetime of sensor networks via optimal role assignments," Proceedings of IEEE Infocom 2002.
• 3: C-C Chiang, H-K Wu, W. Liu, and M. Gerla, "Routing in clustered multihop, mobile wireless networks with fading channel," Sicon 1997.
• 4: Anthony Ephremides, Jeffrey Wiselthier, and Dennis Baker, "A design concept for reliable mobile radio networks with frequency hopping signaling," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 56--73, Jan. 1987.
• 5: M. Ettus, "System capacity, latency, and power consumption in multihop-routed SS-CDMA wireless networks," Proceedings of IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference (RAWCON) 98, pp. 55--58.
• 6: L. Feeney and M. Nilsson, "Investigating the energy consumption of a wireless network interface in an ad hoc networking environment," Proceedings of IEEE Infocom 2001.
• 7: Hossam Hassanein and Ahmed Safwat, "Virtual base stations for wireless mobile ad hoc communications: an infrastructure for the infractructure-less," The International Journal of Communication Systems, Vol. 14, 2002, pp. 763--782.
• 8: David Johnson and David Maltz, "Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks," Mobile Computing, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.
• 9: O. Kasten, "Energy consumption," http://www.inf.ethz.ch/~kasten/research/bathtub/energy_consumption.html, 2001.
• 10: Teresa Meng and Volkan Rodoplu, "Distributed network protocols for wireless communication," Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS'98), vol. 4, pp. 600--603.
• 11: Charles E. Perkins , Pravin Bhagwat, Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, v.24 n.4, p.234-244, Oct. 1994
• 12: Charles E. Perkins , Elizabeth M. Royer, Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing, Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications, p.90, February 25-26, 1999
• 13: V. Rodoplu and T. Meng, "Minimum energy mobile wireless networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 1, pp. 22--31, 2000.
• 14: Ahmed M. Safwat , Hossam S. Hassanein , Hussein T. Mouftah, Power-aware wireless mobile ad hoc networks, The handbook of ad hoc wireless networks, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 2003
• 15: Ahmed Safwat, Hossam Hassanein, and Hussein Mouftah, "Power-Aware Fair Infrastructure Formation for Wireless Mobile Ad hoc Communications," Proceedings of IEEE Globecom 2001, Volume 5, pp. 2832--2836.
• 16: Ahmed Safwat and Hossam Hassanein, "Infrastructure-Based Routing in Wireless Mobile Ad hoc Networks," The Journal of Computer Communications, Vol. 25, No. 3, 2002, pp. 210--224.
• 17: Ahmed M. Safwat, Structured Routing in Wireless Mobile Ad hoc Networks, Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, p.332, July 03-05, 2001
• 18: K. Scott and N. Bambos, "Routing and channel assignment for low power transmission in PCS," Proc. ICUPC '96, vol. 2, pp. 498-502, October 1996.
• 19: T. J. Shepard, Decentralized Channel Management in Scalable Multihop Spread-Spectrum Packet Radio Networks, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1995
• 20: S.Singh and C.S. Raghavendra" Power-efficient MAC protocol for multihop radio networks", Proc. of IEEE PIRMC'98 conf., vol. 1, pp. 153-157, September 1998.
• 21: Suresh Singh , Mike Woo , C. S. Raghavendra, Power-aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks, Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking, p.181-190, October 25-30, 1998, Dallas, Texas, United States [doi>10.1145/288235.288286]
• 22: Stemm, M. and Katz, R. H., "Measuring and reducing energy consumption of network interfaces in handheld devices," IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications, and Computer Science, Special Issue on Mobile Computing, 80(8):1125--1131, August 1997.
• 23: C.K. Toh, "Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless ad hoc networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, June 2001.
• 24: Tsu-Wei Chen and Mario Gerla, "Global State Routing: a new routing scheme for ad hoc wireless networks," Proceedings of IEEE ICC'98.

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
      C.2.2 Network Protocols
          Subjects: Routing protocols

General Terms:
Algorithms, Performance

Keywords:
IEEE 802.11, MAC, PLCP, energy conservation, wireless ad hoc networks