|
ABSTRACT
A technique for rendering images of volumes containing mixtures of materials is presented. The shading model allows both the interior of a material and the boundary between materials to be colored. Image projection is performed by simulating the absorption of light along the ray path to the eye. The algorithms used are designed to avoid artifacts caused by aliasing and quantization and can be efficiently implemented on an image computer. Images from a variety of applications are shown.
REFERENCES
Note: OCR errors may be found in this Reference List extracted from the full text article. ACM has opted to expose the complete List rather than only correct and linked references.
| |
1
|
"Why Abalones Don't Find Otters Cute," Discover, p. 10 (April 1988).
|
| |
2
|
ADAMS, JOHN B., MILTON O. SMITH, AND PAUL E. JOHNSON, "Spectral Mixture Modeling: A New Analysis of Rock and Soil Types at the Viking 1 Lander Site," Journal of Geophysical Research 91(B8) pp. 8098-8112 (July 1986).
|
 |
3
|
|
| |
4
|
BLOOMENTHAL, JULES, "Polygonization of Implicit Surfaces," Report CSL-87-2, Xerox PARC (May 1987).
|
 |
5
|
|
 |
6
|
|
| |
7
|
CLINE, HARVEY E., WILLIAM E. LORENSEN, SIGWALT LUDKE, CARL R. CRAWFORD, AND BRUCE C. TEETER, "Two Algorithms for the Reconstruction of Surfaces from Tomograms," Medical Physics, (June, 1988).
|
 |
8
|
|
| |
9
|
DREBIN, ROBERT A., ELLIOT K. FISHMAN, AND DONNA MAGID, "Volumetric Three-dimensional Image Rendering: Thresholding vs. Non-thresholding Techniques," Radiology 165p. 131 (1987).
|
| |
10
|
FISHMAN, E. K., R. A. DREBIN, D. MAGID, AND ET. AL., "Volumetric Rendering Techniques: Applications for 3- Dimensional Imaging of the Hip," Radiology 163 pp. 737-738 (1987).
|
 |
11
|
|
| |
12
|
|
 |
13
|
|
| |
14
|
HARRIS, LOWELL D., R. A. ROBB, T. S. YUEN, AND E. L. RIT- MAN, "Non-invasive numerical dissection and display of anatomic structure using computerized x-ray tomography," Proceedings SPIE 152 pp. 10-18 (1978).
|
| |
15
|
HERMAN, GABOR T. AND H. K. LIU, "Three-Dimensional Display of Organs from Computed Tomograms," Computer Graphics and Image Processing 9(1) pp. 1-21 (January 1979).
|
| |
16
|
HOEHNE, KARL HEINZ, ROBERT L. DELAPAZ, RALPH BERN- STEIN, AND ROBERT C. TAYLOR, "Combined Surface Display and Reformatting for the Three-Dimensional Analysis of Tomographic Data," Investigative Radiology 22(7)pp. 658- 664 (July 1987).
|
| |
17
|
JAFFEY, STEPHEN M. AND KALYAN DUTTA, "Digital Perspective Correction for Cylindrical Holographic Stereograms," Proceedings of SPIE 367(August 1982).
|
 |
18
|
|
| |
19
|
KEPPEL, E., "Approximation of Complex Surfaces by Triangulation of Contour Lines," IBM Journal of Research and Development 19 pp. 2-11 (1975).
|
| |
20
|
|
 |
21
|
|
| |
22
|
MAZZIOTTA, J. C. AND K. H. HUANG, "THREAD (Three- Dimensional Reconstruction and Display) with Biomedical Applications in Neuron Ultrastructure and Display," American Federation of Information Processing Society 45 pp. 241-250 (1976).
|
| |
23
|
MEAGHER, DONALD J., "Efficient Synthetic Image Generation of Arbitrary 3-D Objects," Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Processing, pp. 473-478 (June 1982).
|
 |
24
|
|
 |
25
|
|
 |
26
|
|
| |
27
|
SCHLUSSELBERG, DANIEL S., WADE K. SMITH, AND DONALD J. WOODWARD, "Three-Dimensional Display of Medical Image Volumes," Proceedings of NCGA, (March 1986).
|
| |
28
|
SCOTT, W. W. JR., E. K. FISHMAN, AND D. MAGID, "Acetabular Fractures: Optimal Imaging," Radiology, pp. 537-538 (1987).
|
 |
29
|
|
| |
30
|
TOM, VICTOR T., "Adaptive Filter Techniques of Digital Image Enhancement," SPIE Digital Image Processing: Critical Review of Technology 528(1985).
|
| |
31
|
TUY, HEANG K. AND LEE TAN TUY, "Direct 2-D Display of 3-D Objects," IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 4(10) pp. 29-34 (October 1984).
|
 |
32
|
Michael W. Vannier , Jeffrey L. Marsh , James O. Warren, Three dimensional computer graphics for craniofacial surgical planning and evaluation, Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.263-273, July 25-29, 1983, Detroit, Michigan, United States
|
 |
33
|
|
| |
34
|
WYVILL, BRIAN, CRAIG MCPHEETERS, AND GEOFF WYVILL, "Data Structure for Soft Objects," The Visual Computer 2(4) pp. 227-234 (1986).
|
| |
35
|
ZUCKER, STEVEN W., "Relaxation Labelling and the Reduction of Local Ambiquities,'" Proceedings 3rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 852-861 (November 1976).
|
CITED BY 241
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yoshinobu Sato , Carl-Fredrik Westin , Abhir Bhalerao , Shin Nakajima , Nobuyuki Shiraga , Shinichi Tamura , Ron Kikinis, Tissue Classification Based on 3D Local Intensity Structures for Volume Rendering, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, v.6 n.2, p.160-180, April 2000
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wes Bethel , Brian Tierney , Jason lee , Dan Gunter , Stephen Lau, Using high-speed WANs and network data caches to enable remote and distributed visualization, Proceedings of the 2000 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing (CDROM), p.28-es, November 04-10, 2000, Dallas, Texas, United States
|
|
|
Torsten Möller , Raghu Machiraju , Klaus Mueller , Roni Yagel, Classification and local error estimation of interpolation and derivative filters for volume rendering, Proceedings of the 1996 symposium on Volume visualization, p.71-ff., October 28-29, 1996, San Francisco, California, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Roger C. Tam , Christopher G. Healey , Borys Flak , Peter Cahoon, Volume rendering of abdominal aortic aneurysms, Proceedings of the 8th conference on Visualization '97, p.43-ff., October 18-24, 1997, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
Klaus Mueller , Torsten Möller , J. Edward Swan II , Roger Crawfis , Naeem Shareef , Roni Yagel, Splatting Errors and Antialiasing, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, v.4 n.2, p.178-191, April 1998
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Han-Wei Shen , Christopher R. Johnson , Kwan-Liu Ma, Visualizing vector fields using line integral convolution and dye advection, Proceedings of the 1996 symposium on Volume visualization, p.63-ff., October 28-29, 1996, San Francisco, California, United States
|
|
|
Guy Vézina , Peter A. Fletcher , Philip K. Robertson, Volume rendering on the MasPar MP-1, Proceedings of the 1992 workshop on Volume visualization, p.3-8, October 19-20, 1992, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Edward Swan, II , Klaus Mueller , Torsten Möller , Naeem Shareef , Roger Crawfis , Roni Yagel, An anti-aliasing technique for splatting, Proceedings of the 8th conference on Visualization '97, p.197-ff., October 18-24, 1997, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
|
|
|
X. Hu , K. K. Tan , D. N. Levin , S. G. Galhotra , C. A. Pelizzari , G. T. Y. Chen , R. N. Beck , C.-T. Chen , M. D. Cooper, Volumetric rendering of multimodality, multivariable medical imaging data, Proceedings of the 1989 Chapel Hill workshop on Volume visualization, p.45-49, May 1989, Chapel Hill, Noth Carolina, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Michael F. Cohen , James Painter , Mihir Mehta , Kwan-Liu Ma, Volume seedlings, Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics, p.139-145, June 1992, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Enrico Gobbetti , Piero Pili , Antonio Zorcolo , Massimiliano Tuveri, Interactive virtual angioscopy, Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '98, p.435-438, October 18-23, 1998, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shin Yi Yen , Sandy Napel , Geofrey D. Rubin, Fast sliding thin slab volume visualization, Proceedings of the 1996 symposium on Volume visualization, p.79-86, October 28-29, 1996, San Francisco, California, United States
|
|
|
C. Rezk-Salama , P. Hastreiter , C. Teitzel , T. Ertl, Interactive exploration of volume line integral convolution based on 3D-texture mapping, Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '99: celebrating ten years, p.233-240, October 1999, San Francisco, California, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ulf Tiede , Thomas Schiemann , Karl Heinz Höhne, High quality rendering of attributed volume data, Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '98, p.255-262, October 18-23, 1998, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
|
|
|
Andrei State , Jonathan McAllister , Ulrich Neumann , Hong Chen , Tim J. Cullip , David T. Chen , Henry Fuchs, Interactive volume visualization on a heterogeneous message-passing multicomputer, Proceedings of the 1995 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics, p.69-ff., April 09-12, 1995, Monterey, California, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Benjamin Mora , Jean-Pierre Jessel , René Caubet, Accelerating volume rendering with quantized voxels, Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE symposium on Volume visualization, p.63-70, October 09-10, 2000, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
|
|
|
Gill Barequet , Daniel Shapiro , Ayellet Tal, History consideration in reconstructing polyhedral surfaces from parallel slices, Proceedings of the 7th conference on Visualization '96, p.149-ff., October 28-29, 1996, San Francisco, California, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kevin Kreeger , Ingmar Bitter , Frank Dachille , Baoquan Chen , Arie Kaufman, Adaptive perspective ray casting, Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE symposium on Volume visualization, p.55-62, October 19-20, 1998, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Feng Ma , Wenping Wang , Wai Wan Tsang , Zesheng Tang , Shaowei Xia , Xin Tong, Probabilistic segmentation of volume data for visualization using SOM-PNN classifier, Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE symposium on Volume visualization, p.71-78, October 19-20, 1998, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Terry S. Yoo , Ulrich Neumann , Henry Fuchs , Stephen M. Pizer , Tim Cullip , John Rhoades , Ross Whitaker, Achieving direct volume visualization with interactive semantic region selection, Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Visualization '91, October 22-25, 1991, San Diego, California
|
|
|
K. H. Höhne , A. Pommert , M. Riemer , Th. Schiemann , R. Schubert , U. Tiede , W. Lierse, Anatomical atlases based on volume visualization, Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Visualization '92, October 19-23, 1992, Boston, Massachusetts
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Torsten Möller , Klaus Mueller , Yair Kurzion , Raghu Machiraju , Roni Yagel, Design of accurate and smooth filters for function and derivative reconstruction, Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE symposium on Volume visualization, p.143-151, October 19-20, 1998, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
|
|
|
Torsten Möller , Raghu Machiraju , Klaus Mueller , Roni Yagel, A comparison of normal estimation schemes, Proceedings of the 8th conference on Visualization '97, p.19-ff., October 18-24, 1997, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Martin Brady , Kenneth Jung , H. T. Nguyen , Thinh Nguyen, Two-phase perspective ray casting for interactive volume navigation, Proceedings of the 8th conference on Visualization '97, p.183-ff., October 18-24, 1997, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
|
|
|
Michael Meißner , Jian Huang , Dirk Bartz , Klaus Mueller , Roger Crawfis, A practical evaluation of popular volume rendering algorithms, Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE symposium on Volume visualization, p.81-90, October 09-10, 2000, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ulf Tiede , Karl Heinz Hoehne , Michael Bomans , Andreas Pommert , Martin Riemer , Gunnar Wiebecke, Surface Rendering, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, v.10 n.2, p.41-53, March 1990
|
|
|
Karl Heinz Hohne , Michael Bomans , Martin Riemer , Rainer Schubert , Ulf Tiede , Werner Lierse, A Volume-Based Anatomical Atlas, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, v.12 n.4, p.73-78, July 1992
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Richard S. Gallagher , Robert B. Haber , Gordon Ferguson , David Parker , Douglas W. Stillman , James Winget, Applying 3D visualization techniques to finite element analysis, Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Visualization '91, October 22-25, 1991, San Diego, California
|
|
|
|
|
|
Craig Upson , Thomas Faulhaber, Jr. , David Kamins , David H. Laidlaw , David Schlegel , Jefrey Vroom , Robert Gurwitz , Andries van Dam, The Application Visualization System: A Computational Environment for Scientific Visualization, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, v.9 n.4, p.30-42, July 1989
|
|
|
Carlo Ratti , Yao Wang , Ben Piper , Hiroshi Ishii , Assaf Biderman, PHOXEL-SPACE: an interface for exploring volumetric data with physical voxels, Proceedings of the 2004 conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques, August 01-04, 2004, Cambridge, MA, USA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Steven Parker , Michael Parker , Yarden Livnat , Peter-Pike Sloan , Charles Hansen , Peter Shirley, Interactive Ray Tracing for Volume Visualization, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, v.5 n.3, p.238-250, July 1999
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Terry S. Yoo , Ulrich Neumann , Henry Fuchs , Stephen M. Pizer , Tim Cullip , John Rhoades , Ross Whitaker, Direct Visualization of Volume Data, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, v.12 n.4, p.63-71, July 1992
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dirk Vandermeulen , Peter Plets , Steven Ramkers , Paul Suetens , Guy Marchal, Integrated visualization of brain anatomy and cerebral blood vessels, Proceedings of the 1992 workshop on Volume visualization, p.39-46, October 19-20, 1992, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
|
|
|
Wolfgang Heidrich , Rüdiger Westermann , Hans-Peter Seidel , Thomas Ertl, Applications of pixel textures in visualization and realistic image synthesis, Proceedings of the 1999 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics, p.127-134, April 26-29, 1999, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Craig M. Wittenbrink , Thomas Malzbender , Michael E. Goss, Opacity-weighted color interpolation, for volume sampling, Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE symposium on Volume visualization, p.135-142, October 19-20, 1998, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
Steven Parker , Michael Parker , Yarden Livnat , Peter-Pike Sloan , Charles Hansen , Peter Shirley, Interactive ray tracing for volume visualization, ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Courses, July 31-August 04, 2005, Los Angeles, California
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Matus Straka , Michal Cervenansky , Alexandra La Cruz , Arnold Kochl , Milos Sramek , Eduard Groller , Dominik Fleischmann, The VesselGlyph: Focus & Context Visualization in CT-Angiography, Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '04, p.385-392, October 10-15, 2004
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wim C. de Leeuw , Robert van Liere , Pernette J. Verschure , Roel van Driel , Astrid E. Visser , Erik M. M. Manders, Visualization of time dependent confocal microscopy data, Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '00, p.473-476, October 2000, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Joe Kniss , Simon Premoze , Milan Ikits , Aaron Lefohn , Charles Hansen , Emil Praun, Gaussian Transfer Functions for Multi-Field Volume Visualization, Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Visualization 2003 (VIS'03), p.65, October 22-24, 2003
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brian Cabral , Nancy Cam , Jim Foran, Accelerated volume rendering and tomographic reconstruction using texture mapping hardware, Proceedings of the 1994 symposium on Volume visualization, p.91-98, October 17-18, 1994, Tysons Corner, Virginia, United States
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adam Huang , Gregory M. Nielson , Anshuman Razdan , Gerald E. Farin , D. Page Baluch , David G. Capco, Thin Structure Segmentation and Visualization in Three-Dimensional Biomedical Images: A Shape-Based Approach, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, v.12 n.1, p.93-102, January 2006
|
INDEX TERMS
Primary Classification:
I.
Computing Methodologies
I.3
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
I.3.5
Computational Geometry and Object Modeling
Subjects:
Curve, surface, solid, and object representations
Additional Classification:
I.
Computing Methodologies
I.3
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
I.3.7
Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism
Subjects:
Visible line/surface algorithms;
Color, shading, shadowing, and texture
I.4
IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER VISION
General Terms:
Design,
Performance,
Theory
Keywords:
computer tomography,
image processing,
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
medical imaging,
non-destructive evaluation (NDE),
scientific visualization
|