A dynamic core based multicast routing protocol for ad hoc wireless networks

ABSTRACT

Ad hoc wireless networks are self-organizing dynamic topology networks formed by a collection of mobile nodes through radio links. Minimal configuration absence of infrastructure and quick deployment make them convenient for emergency situations other than military applications. Multicasting plays a very crucial role in the application of Ad hoc networks. As the number of participants increases scalability of the multicast protocol becomes an important issue. Among the existing multicast protocols On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) perfo exhibits a high packet delivery ratio even at high mobility. But ODMRP suffers from higher control overhead as the network size and the number of sources increase.In this paper we propose an efficient multicast routing protocol for Ad hoc wireless networks. This protocol reduces the control overhead by dynamically classifying the sources into Active and Passive categories. The control overhead is significantly reduced by about 30% compared to ODMRP which contributes to the scalability of the protocol. We study the effectiveness of the proposed multicast routing protocol by simulation studies and the results show that the multicast efficiency is increased by 10--15% and packet delivery ratio is also improved at high network load.

REFERENCES

• 1: Chane L. Fullmer , J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, Solutions to hidden terminal problems in wireless networks, Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM '97 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication, p.39-49, September 14-18, 1997, Cannes, France
• 2: Charles E. Perkins , Pravin Bhagwat, Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers, Proceedings of the conference on Communications architectures, protocols and applications, p.234-244, August 31-September 02, 1994, London, United Kingdom
• 3: C.-C. Chiang, H. K. Wu, W. Liu, and M. Gerla, "Routing in Clustered Multihop, Mobile Wireless Networks with Fading Channel", Proceedings of IEEE SICON'97, pp. 197--211, April 1997.
• 4: Shree Murthy , J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, An efficient routing protocol for wireless networks, Mobile Networks and Applications, v.1 n.2, p.183-197, Oct. 1996 [doi>10.1007/BF01193336]
• 5: Charles E. Perkins , Elizabeth M. Royer, Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing, Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications, p.90, February 25-26, 1999
• 6: D. B. Johnson and D. A. Maltz, "Dynamic Source Routing in Ad hoc Wireless Networks", Mobile Computing, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Chapter 5, pp. 153--181, 1996.
• 7: Vincent D. Park , M. Scott Corson, A Highly Adaptive Distributed Routing Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Networks, Proceedings of the INFOCOM '97. Sixteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Driving the Information Revolution, p.1405, April 09-11, 1997
• 8: Chai-Keong Toh, Associativity-Based Routing for Ad Hoc Mobile Networks, Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal, v.4 n.2, p.103-139, March 1997 [doi>10.1023/A:1008812928561]
• 9: R. Dube, C. D. Rais, K. Y. Wang, and S. K. Tripathi, "Signal Stability Based Adaptive Routing for Ad hoc Mobile Networks", IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 36--45, February 1997.
• 10: Z. J. Haas, M. R. Pearlman, and P. Samar, "Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)", Internet Draft , draft-ietf-manet-zrp-04.txt, January 2001, Work in progress.
• 11: E. Bommaiah, M. Liu, A. McAuley, and R. Talpade, "AMRoute: Ad hoc Multicast Routing Protocol", Internet-Draft, draft-talpade-manet-amroute-00.txt, August 1998, Work in progress.
• 12: C. W. Wu, Y. C. Tay, and C. K. Toh, "Ad hoc Multicast Routing Protocol Utilizing Increasing id-numberS (AMRIS) Functional Specification", Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-manet-amris-spec-00.txt, November 1998, Work in progress.
• 13: T. Ozaki, J. B. Kim, and T. Suda, "Bandwidth Efficient Multicast Routing Protocol for Ad hoc Networks", Proceedings of IEEE ICCCN'99, pp. 10--17, October 1999.
• 14: Elizabeth M. Royer , Charles E. Perkins, Multicast operation of the ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol, Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking, p.207-218, August 15-19, 1999, Seattle, Washington, United States [doi>10.1145/313451.313538]
• 15: P. Sinha, R. Sivakumar, and V. Bharghavan, "MCEDAR: Multicast Core Extraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing", Proceedings of IEEE WCNC'99, pp. 1313--1317, September 1999.
• 16: R. Sivakumar, P. Sinha, and V. Bharghavan, "CEDAR: Core Extraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1369--1379, August 1999.
• 17: S. J. Lee, M. Gerla, and C.-C. Chiang, "On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol", Proceedings of IEEE WCNC'99, pp. 1298--1302, September 1999.
• 18: Ching-Chuan Chiang , Mario Gerla , Lixia Zhang, Forwarding Group Multicast Protocol (FGMP) for multihop, mobile wireless networks, Cluster Computing, v.1 n.2, p.187-196, 1998 [doi>10.1023/A:1019037500012]
• 19: On-Demand Multicast in Mobile Wireless Networks, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Network Protocols, p.262, October 13-16, 1998
• 20: J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves and E. L. Madruga, "The Core-Assisted Mesh Protocol", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1380--1994, August 1999.
• 21: Seungjoon Lee , Chongkwon Kim, Neighbor supporting ad hoc multicast routing protocol, Proceedings of the 1st ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing, November 20, 2000, Boston, Massachusetts
• 22: Young-Bae Ko , Nitin H. Vaidya, Geocasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Location-Based Multicast Algorithms, Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications, p.101, February 25-26, 1999
• 23: Tony Ballardie , Paul Francis , Jon Crowcroft, Core based trees (CBT), Conference proceedings on Communications architectures, protocols and applications, p.85-95, September 13-17, 1993, San Francisco, California, United States
• 24: UCLA Parallel Computing Laboratory and Wireless Adaptive Mobility Laboratory, "GloMoSim: A Scalable Simulation Environment for Wireless and Wired Network Systems", http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/projects/domains/glomosim.html.
• 25: Rajive Bagrodia , Richard Meyer , Mineo Takai , Yu-an Chen , Xiang Zeng , Jay Martin , Ha Yoon Song, Parsec: A Parallel Simulation Environment for Complex Systems, Computer, v.31 n.10, p.77-85, October 1998 [doi>10.1109/2.722293]
• 26: Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1996

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
      C.2.2 Network Protocols
          Subjects: Routing protocols

General Terms:
Design, Performance

Keywords:
ad hoc wireless networks multicast routing, dynamic core, performance evaluation