Semantic database modeling: survey, applications, and research issues

ABSTRACT

Most common database management systems represent information in a simple record-based format. Semantic modeling provides richer data structuring capabilities for database applications. In particular, research in this area has articulated a number of constructs that provide mechanisms for representing structurally complex interrelations among data typically arising in commercial applications. In general terms, semantic modeling complements work on knowledge representation (in artificial intelligence) and on the new generation of database models based on the object-oriented paradigm of programming languages. This paper presents an in-depth discussion of semantic data modeling. It reviews the philosophical motivations of semantic models, including the need for high-level modeling abstractions and the reduction of semantic overloading of data type constructors. It then provides a tutorial introduction to the primary components of semantic models, which are the explicit representation of objects, attributes of and relationships among objects, type constructors for building complex types, ISA relationships, and derived schema components. Next, a survey of the prominent semantic models in the literature is presented. Further, since a broad area of research has developed around semantic modeling, a number of related topics based on these models are discussed, including data languages, graphical interfaces, theoretical investigations, and physical implementation strategies.

REFERENCES

• AbB87: ABITEBOUL, S., AND BEERg, C. 1987. On the power of languages for the manipulation of complex objects (extended abstract). In Proceedings o{ International Workshop on Nested Relations and Complex Objects. (Darmstadt, Germany, Apr.). INRIA, Roquencourt, France.
• AbB84: Serge Abiteboul , Nicole Bidoit, Non first normal form relations: An algebra allowing data restructuring, Journal of Computer and System Sciences, v.33 n.3, p.361-393, Dec. 1986 [doi>10.1016/0022-0000(86)90058-9]
• AbH85: ABITEBOUL, S., AND HULL, R. 1985. Update propagation in the IFO database model. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Foundations of Data Organization. Organizing Committee of the international Conference on Foundations of Data Organization, c/o S. P. Ghosh, IBM Research, Almaden, Calif., pp. 243- 251.
• AbH86: Serge Abiteboul , Richard Hull, Restructuring of complex objects and office forms, Proceedings on International conference on database theory, p.54-72, December 1986, Rome, Italy
• AbH87: Serge Abiteboul , Richard Hull, IFO: a formal semantic database model, ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), v.12 n.4, p.525-565, Dec. 1987 [doi>10.1145/32204.32205]
• Abr74: ABRiAL, J. R. 1974. Data semantics. Data Base Management. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 1-59.
• AfM84: AFSARMANESH, H., AND MCLEOO, D. 1984. A framework for semantic database models. In Proceedings of the NYU Symposium on New Directions for Database Systems (New York, May 16-18). New York Univ., New York.
• Aik85: AIKENS, J. 1985. A representation scheme using both frames and rules. In Rule-Based Expert Systems, B. Buchanan and E. Shortliffe, Eds. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., pp. 424- 440.
• ACO85: Antonio Albano , Luca Cardelli , Renzo Orsini, GALILEO: a strongly-typed, interactive conceptual language, ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), v.10 n.2, p.230-260, June 1985 [doi>10.1145/3857.3859]
• AOO85: ALBANO, A., OCCHIUTO, M. E., AND ORSINi, R. 1985. Galileo Reference Manual, VAX/UNIX Version 1.0. Tech. Rep. Dipartimento di Informatica, Univ. di Pisa, Pisa, italy.
• AnH87: Timothy Andrews , Craig Harris, Combining language and database advances in an object-oriented development environment, Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications, p.430-440, October 04-08, 1987, Orlando, Florida, United States
• AtB87: Malcolm P. Atkinson , O. Peter Buneman, Types and persistence in database programming languages, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), v.19 n.2, p.105-170, June 1987 [doi>10.1145/62070.45066]
• AtK83: ATKINSON, M. P., AND KULKARNi, K. G. 1983. Experimenting with the functional data model. Tech. Rep. Persistent Programming Research Rep. 5, Univ. of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
• AtP86: Paolo Atzeni , Douglas Stott Parker, Jr., Formal Properties of Net-Based Knowledge Representation Schemes, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Data Engineering, p.700-706, February 05-07, 1986
• Bac78: John Backus, Can programming be liberated from the von Neumann style?: a functional style and its algebra of programs, Communications of the ACM, v.21 n.8, p.613-641, Aug. 1978 [doi>10.1145/359576.359579]
• BLN86: C. Batini , M. Lenzerini , S. B. Navathe, A comparative analysis of methodologies for database schema integration, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), v.18 n.4, p.323-364, Dec. 1986 [doi>10.1145/27633.27634]
• BaK85: D. S. Batory , Won Kim, Modeling concepts for VLSI CAD objects, ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), v.10 n.3, p.322-346, Sept. 1985 [doi>10.1145/3979.4018]
• BBG: D. S. Batory , J. R. Barnett , J. F. Garza , K. P. Smith , K. Tsukuda , C. Twichell , T. E. Wise, GENESIS: An Extensible Database Management System, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, v.14 n.11, p.1711-1730, November 1988 [doi>10.1109/32.9057]
• BKK86: Daniel G. Bobrow , Kenneth Kahn , Gregor Kiczales , Larry Masinter , Mark Stefik , Frank Zdybel, CommonLoops: merging Lisp and object-oriented programming, Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications, p.17-29, September 29-October 02, 1986, Portland, Oregon, United States
• Bor85: BORGIOA, A. 1985. Features of languages for the development of information systems at the conceptual level. IEEE Software 2, 1 (Jan.), 63-72.
• BPP76: BRACCHI, G., PAOLINI, P., AND PELA(~ATTI, G. 1976. Binary logical associations in data modelling. In Modelling in Data Base Management Systems. North Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 125-148.
• BrS85: BRACHMAN, R. J., ANO SCHMOLZE, J. G. 1985. An overview of the KL-ONE knowledge representation system. Cognitive Sct 9 (1985), 171-216.
• Bro84: BRODIE, M. L. 1984. On the development of data models. In On Conceptual Modelling, M. L. Brodie, J. Mylopoulos, and J. W. Schmidt, Eds. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 19-48.
• BrR84: BRODIE, M. L., AND RIDJANOVIC, D. 1984. On the design and specification of database transactions. In On Conceptual Modelling. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 277-306.
• BMS84: BRODIE, M. L., MYLOPOULOS, J., AND SCHMiDT, J. W. Eds. 1984. On Conceptual ModeUing. Springer-Verlag, New York.
• BrP83: Robert Brown , Douglas Stott Parker, Jr., LAURA: A Formal Data Model and her Logical Design Methodology, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, p.206-218, October 31-November 02, 1983
• BFN82: Peter Buneman , Robert E. Frankel , Rishiyur Nikhil, An implementation technique for database query languages, ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), v.7 n.2, p.164-186, June 1982 [doi>10.1145/319702.319711]
• CDR86: Michael J. Carey , David J. DeWitt , Joel E. Richardson , Eugene J. Shekita, Object and File Management in the EXODUS Extensible Database System, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, p.91-100, August 25-28, 1986
• CGT75: CHAMBERLIN, D. D., GRAY, J. N., AND TRAIGER, I. L. 1975. Views, authorization and locking in a relational database system. In Proceedings of AFIPS National Computer Conference, vol. 44. AFIPS Press, Reston, VA., pp. 425-430.
• CDF83: Arvola Chan , Umeshwar Dayal , Stephen Fox , Daniel R. Ries, Supporting a Semantic Data Model in a Distributed Database System, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, p.354-363, October 31-November 02, 1983
• CDF82: Arvola Chan , Sy Danberg , Stephen Fox , Wen-Te K. Lin , Anil Nori , Daniel R. Ries, Storage and Access Structures to Support a Semantic Data Model, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, p.122-130, September 08-10, 1982
• Che76: Peter Pin-Shan Chen, The entity-relationship model—toward a unified view of data, ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), v.1 n.1, p.9-36, March 1976 [doi>10.1145/320434.320440]
• Cod79: E. F. Codd, Extending the database relational model to capture more meaning, ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), v.4 n.4, p.397-434, Dec. 1979 [doi>10.1145/320107.320109]
• CoP84: Stavros S. Cosmadakis , Christos H. Papadimitriou, Updates of Relational Views, Journal of the ACM (JACM), v.31 n.4, p.742-760, Oct. 1984 [doi>10.1145/1634.1887]
• DDG85: DARDAILLER, P., DELOBEL, C., AND GIRAU- DIN, J. P. 1985. Modelisation progressive d'une base de donnees. Tech. Rep. 493, Laboratoire de Genie Informatique.
• Dat81: C. J. Date, An introduction to database systems: vol. I (4th ed.), Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, 1986
• DaH84: DAYAL, U., AND HWANG, H. Y. 1984. View definition and generalization for database integration in a multidatabase system. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. SE-IO, 6, 628-644.
• DHP74: DEHENEFFE, C., HENNEBERT, H., AND PAULUS, W. 1974. Relational model for a data base. In Proceedings of the IFIP Congress, pp. 1022-1025.
• DKL85: DERRET'r, N., KENT, W., AND LYNGBAEK, P. 1985. Some aspects of operations in an object-oriented database, iEEE Database Eng. Bull. 8, 4 (Dec.).
• Fag77: Ronald Fagin, Multivalued dependencies and a new normal form for relational databases, ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), v.2 n.3, p.262-278, Sept. 1977 [doi>10.1145/320557.320571]
• FKM85: FARMER, D. B., KING, R., AND MYERS, D. A. 1985. The semantic database constructor. IEEE Tran So{tw. Eng. SE-11, 7, 583-591.
• FiK85: Richard Fikes , Tom Kehler, The role of frame-based representation in reasoning, Communications of the ACM, v.28 n.9, p.904-920, Sept. 1985 [doi>10.1145/4284.4285]
• Fin79: FINDLER, N., Ed. 1979. Associative Networks. Academic Press, New York.
• FiT83: FISCHER, P., AND THOMAS, S. 1982. Operators for non-first-normal-form relations. In Proceedings of the 7th International Computer Software Applications Conference (Chicago, Nov.). IEEE, New York, pp. 464-475.
• Fog84: Dennis Fogg, Lessons from a "living in a database" graphical query interface, Proceedings of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, June 18-21, 1984, Boston, Massachusetts
• FoD82: James D. Foley , Andries Van Dam, Fundamentals of interactive computer graphics, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, 1982
• GoR83: Adele Goldberg , David Robson, Smalltalk-80: the language and its implementation, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, 1983
• GGK85: Kenneth J. Goldman , Sally A. Goldman , Paris C. Kanellakis , Stanley B. Zdonik, ISIS: interface for a semantic information system, Proceedings of the 1985 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, p.328-342, May 1985, Austin, Texas, United States
• Gut77: John Guttag, Abstract data types and the development of data structures, Communications of the ACM, v.20 n.6, p.396-404, June 1977 [doi>10.1145/359605.359618]
• HaL74: HAINAUT, J. L., AND LECHARLIER, B. 1974. An extensible semantic model of database and its data language. In Proceedings of the IFIP Congress, pp. 1026-1030.
• HaB80: Michael Hammer , Brian Berkowitz, DIAL: a programming language for data intensive applications, Proceedings of the 1980 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, May 14-16, 1980, Santa Monica, California [doi>10.1145/582250.582263]
• HaM81: Michael Hammer , Dennis Mc Leod, Database description with SDM: a semantic database model, ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), v.6 n.3, p.351-386, Sept. 1981 [doi>10.1145/319587.319588]
• HeK81: HECHT, M. S., AND KERSCHBERG, L. 1981. Update semantics for the functional data model. Tech. Rep., Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, N.J.
• HuK86: Scott E. Hudson , Roger King, CACTIS: a database system for specifying functionally-defined data, Proceedings on the 1986 international workshop on Object-oriented database systems, p.26-37, September 23-26, 1986, Pacific Grove, California, United States
• HuK87: Scott E. Hudson , Roger King, Object-oriented database support for software environments, Proceedings of the 1987 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, p.491-503, May 27-29, 1987, San Francisco, California, United States
• Hul87: R. Hull, A survey of theoretical research on typed complex database objects, Databases, Academic Press Ltd., London, UK, 1988
• HuY84: Richard Hull , Chee K. Yap, The Format Model: A Theory of database Organization, Journal of the ACM (JACM), v.31 n.3, p.518-544, July 1984 [doi>10.1145/828.832]
• IsB84: ISRAEL, D. J., AND BRACHMAN, R. J. 1984. Some remarks on the semantics of representation languages. In On Conceptual Modelling. Springer- Verlag, New York, pp. 119-146.
• JaS82: G. Jaeschke , H. J. Schek, Remarks on the algebra of non first normal form relations, Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGACT-SIGMOD symposium on Principles of database systems, March 29-31, 1982, Los Angeles, California [doi>10.1145/588111.588133]
• KeC83: KEHLER, T. P., AND CLEMENSON, G. D. 1983. An application development system for expert systems. Syst. So{tw. 3, i (Jan.), 212-223.
• Ken78: KENT, W. 1978. Data and Reality. North- Holland, Amsterdam.
• Ken79: William Kent, Limitations of record-based information models, ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), v.4 n.1, p.107-131, March 1979 [doi>10.1145/320064.320070]
• KeP76: KERSCHBERO, L., AND PACHECO, J. E. S. 1976. A functional data base model. Tech. Rep., Pontificia Univ. Catolica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• KKT76: Larry Kerschberg , Anthony C. Klug , Dennis Tsichritzis, A Taxonomy of Data Models, Systems for Large Data Bases, p.43-64, September 08-10, 1976
• KhC86: Setrag N. Khoshafian , George P. Copeland, Object identity, Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications, p.406-416, September 29-October 02, 1986, Portland, Oregon, United States
• Kin84: KINO, R. 1984. Sembase: A semantic DBMS. In Proceedings o{ the First International Workshop on Expert Database Systems (Oct.). Univ. of Southern Carolina, Columbia, S.C., pp. 151-171.
• KiM82: KING, R., AND MCLEOD, D. 1982. The event database specification model. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Databases: Improving Usability and Responsiveness (Jerusalem, Israel), pp. 299-321.
• KiM84: KING, R., AND MCLEOD, D. 1984. A unified model and methodology for conceptual database design. In On Conceptual Modelling. Springer- Verlag, New York, pp. 313-331.
• KiM85a: Roger King , Dennis McLeod, A database design methodology and tool for information systems, ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), v.3 n.1, p.2-21, Jan. 1985 [doi>10.1145/3864.3869]
• KiM85b: KING, R., ANO McLEoo, D. 1985b. Semantic database models, in Database Design. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 115-150.
• Kup85: Gabriel Mark Kuper, The logical data model: a new approach to database logic, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1986
• KuV84: KUPER, G. M., AND VARDI, M. Y. 1984. The logical data model. In Proceedings of A CM SIGACT News-SIGMOD Symposium on Principles of Database Systems. ACM, New York, pp. 86-96.
• KuV85: Gabriel M. Kuper , Moshe Y. Vardi, On the expressive power of the logical data model: prelimiary report, Proceedings of the 1985 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, p.180-187, May 1985, Austin, Texas, United States
• LaR82: LANOERS, T. A., ANO ROSENBERG, R. L. 1982. An overview of multibase. Distributed Databases. North-Holland, Amsterdam.
• Len87: Maurizio Lenzerini, Covering and Disjointness Constraints in Type Networks, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Data Engineering, p.386-393, February 03-05, 1987
• LSA77: Barbara Liskov , Alan Snyder , Russell Atkinson , Craig Schaffert, Abstraction mechanisms in CLU, Communications of the ACM, v.20 n.8, p.564-576, Aug. 1977 [doi>10.1145/359763.359789]
• LyK86: Peter Lyngbaek , William Kent, A data modeling methodology for the design and implementation of information systems, Proceedings on the 1986 international workshop on Object-oriented database systems, p.6-17, September 23-26, 1986, Pacific Grove, California, United States
• LyV87: Peter Lyngbaek , Victor Vianu, Mapping a semantic database model to the relational model, Proceedings of the 1987 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, p.132-142, May 27-29, 1987, San Francisco, California, United States
• Mac85: MACGREGOR, R. M. 1985. ARIEL--A semantic front-end to relational DBMSs In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. Very Large Data Base Foundation, Saratoga, Calif., pp. 305-315.
• MSO86: David Maier , Jacob Stein , Allen Otis , Alan Purdy, Development of an object-oriented DBMS, Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications, p.472-482, September 29-October 02, 1986, Portland, Oregon, United States
• Mak77: MAKINOUCHI, A. 1977. A consideration on normal form of not-necessarily-normalized relation in the relational data model, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Very Large Databases (Tokyo, Oct.), pp. 447-453.
• MaD86: Frank Manola , Umeshwar Dayal, PDM: an object-oriented data model, Proceedings on the 1986 international workshop on Object-oriented database systems, p.18-25, September 23-26, 1986, Pacific Grove, California, United States
• MaP86: MARYANSKI, F., AND PECKHAM, J. 1986. Semantic data models. Tech. Rep. CSTR 86-15, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.
• Min84: MINSKY, M. L. 1984. A framework for representing knowledge. In The Psychology o{ Computer Vision, P. H. Winston, Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 211-277.
• Moo86: David A. Moon, Object-oriented programming with flavors, Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications, p.1-8, September 29-October 02, 1986, Portland, Oregon, United States
• Myl80: John Mylopoulos, An overview of Knowledge Representation, Proceedings of the 1980 workshop on Data abstraction, databases and conceptual modeling, p.5-12, June 23-26, 1980, Pingree Park, Colorado, United States
• MBW80: John Mylopoulos , Philip A. Bernstein , Harry K. T. Wong, A language facility for designing database-intensive applications, ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), v.5 n.2, p.185-207, June 1980 [doi>10.1145/320141.320150]
• MBG86: MYLOPOULOS, J., BORGIDA, A., GREEN- SPAN, S., MEGHINI, C., AND NIXON, B. 1986. Knowledge representation in the software development process: A case study. Tech. Rep., Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
• NEL86: NAVA?HE, S., ELMASRI, R., AND LARSON, J. 1986. Integrating user views in database design. IEEE Computer 19, 1, 50-62.
• Nik84: NIKHIL, R. 1984. An incremental, strongly typed applicative programming system for databases. Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Computer and Information Sciences, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
• O'Y82: O'DUNLAING, C., AND YAP, C. K. 1982. Generic transformation of data structures, in Proceedings o{ the 23rd Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations o{ Computer Science. IEEE, New York, pp. 186-195.
• Ris85: RISHE, N. 1985. Semantic modeling of data using binary schemata. Tech. Rep. TRCS85-06, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, Calif.
• Ris86: RiSHE, N. 1986. On representation of medical knowledge by a binary data model. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Mathematical ModeUing,X. J. R. Avula, G. Leitman, C. D. Mote, Jr., and E. Y. Rodin, Eds. Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y.
• RoC87: ROGERS, T. R., AND CATTELL, g. G. G. 1987. Entity-relationship database user interfaces. Tech. Rep. Sun Microsystems, Mountain View, Calif.
• RoY84: ROUSSOPOULOS, N., AND YEH, R. T. 1984. An adaptable methodology for database design. IEEE Computer (May), 64-80.
• RoS79: Lawrence A. Rowe , Kurt A. Shoens, Data abstraction, views and updates in RIGEL, Proceedings of the 1979 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, May 30-June 01, 1979, Boston, Massachusetts [doi>10.1145/582095.582107]
• Sch80: Ben Shneiderman, Software psychology: Human factors in computer and information systems (Winthrop computer systems series), Winthrop Publishers, 1980
• Sen75: SENKO, M. E. 1975. Information systems: Records, relations, set, entities, and things. In{. Syst. 1, 1, 3-13.
• Shi81: David W. Shipman, The functional data model and the data languages DAPLEX, ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), v.6 n.1, p.140-173, March 1981 [doi>10.1145/319540.319561]
• Sho82: Arie Shoshani, Statistical Databases: Characteristics, Problems, and some Solutions, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, p.208-222, September 08-10, 1982
• SiK77: SIBLEY, E. H., AND KERSCHBERG, L. 1977. Data architecture and data model considerations. In Proceedings o{ the National Computer Con{erence. AFIPS Press, Reston, Va., pp. 85-96.
• SmS77: John Miles Smith , Diane C. P. Smith, Database abstractions: aggregation and generalization, ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), v.2 n.2, p.105-133, June 1977 [doi>10.1145/320544.320546]
• SFL81: SMITH, J. M., FOx, S., AND LANDERS, T. 1981. Reference manual for ADAPLEX. Tech. Rep., Computer Corporation of America.
• SBD81: John Miles Smith , Philip A Bernstein , Umeshwar Dayal , Nathan Goodman , Terry Landers, Multibase—integrating heterogeneous distributed database systems, on AFIPS Conference Proceedings; vol. 55 1986 National Computer Conference, p.335-347, June 1986, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
• SBM83: STEFIK, M., BOBROW, D. G., MIq~AL, S., AND CONWA~, L. 1983. Knowledge programmini in LOOPS: Report on an experimental course. Arti{. InteU. 4, 3, 3-14.
• StR86: Michael Stonebraker , Lawrence A. Rowe, The design of POSTGRES, Proceedings of the 1986 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, p.340-355, May 28-30, 1986, Washington, D.C., United States
• SWK76: Michael Stonebraker , Gerald Held , Eugene Wong , Peter Kreps, The design and implementation of INGRES, ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), v.1 n.3, p.189-222, Sept. 1976 [doi>10.1145/320473.320476]
• Su83: Su, S. Y. W. 1983. SAM*: A semantic association model for corporate and scientific statistical databases. Inf. Sci. 29, 151-199.
• Su86: Su, S. Y. W. 1986. Modeling integrated manufacturing data with SAM*. IEEE Computer Magazine (Jan.), 34-49.
• Su80: Stanley Y. W. Su , Der Her Lo, A Semantic Association Model for Conceptual Design, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Entity-Relationship Approach to Systems Analysis and Design, p.169-192, January 1980
• SK88: Su, S. Y. W., KRISHNAMURTHY, V., AND LAM, H. 1988. An object-oriented semantic association model (OSAM*). In AI in Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing: Theoretical Issues and Applications, S. Kumara and R. L. Kashyap, Eds. American Institute of Industrial Engineers, Norcross, Ga.
• TYF86: Toby J. Teorey , Dongqing Yang , James P. Fry, A logical design methodology for relational databases using the extended entity-relationship model, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), v.18 n.2, p.197-222, June 1986 [doi>10.1145/7474.7475]
• TsK77: TSICHRITZIS, D., AND KLUG, A. C. 1977. American National Standards Institute/X3/ SPARC DBMS Framework: Report of the Study Group on Database Management Systems. AFIPS Press, Reston, Va.
• TsL82: Dionysios C. Tsichritzis , Frederick H. Lochovsky, Data Models, Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference, 1982
• TsZ84: Shalom Tsur , Carlo Zaniolo, An implementation of GEM: supporting a semantic data model on a relational back-end., Proceedings of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, June 18-21, 1984, Boston, Massachusetts
• Ull82: Jeffrey D. Ullman, Principles of Database Systems, W. H. Freeman & Co., New York, NY, 1983
• Ull87: J. D. Ullman, Database theory—past and future, Proceedings of the sixth ACM SIGACT-SIGMOD-SIGART symposium on Principles of database systems, p.1-10, March 23-25, 1987, San Diego, California, United States [doi>10.1145/28659.28660]
• UrD86: Susan Darling Urban , Lois M. L. Delcambre, An Analysis of the Structural, Dynamic, and Temporal Aspects of Semantic Data Models, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Data Engineering, p.382-389, February 05-07, 1986
• VeB82: VERHEIJEN, G., AND BEKKUM, g. V. 1982. NIAM: An information analysis method. In Information Systems Design Methodologies: A Comparative Review, T. Otte, H. Sol and A. Verrijn-Stuart, Eds. IFIP.
• Via87: Victor Vianu, Dynamic functional dependencies and database aging, Journal of the ACM (JACM), v.34 n.1, p.28-59, Jan. 1987 [doi>10.1145/7531.7918]
• Was79: Anthony I. Wasserman, The data management facilities of PLAIN, Proceedings of the 1979 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, May 30-June 01, 1979, Boston, Massachusetts [doi>10.1145/582095.582106]
• WiE80: Gio Wiederhold , Ramez Elmasri, The Structural Model for Database Design, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Entity-Relationship Approach to Systems Analysis and Design, p.237-258, January 1980
• WoK82: Harry K. T. Wong , Ivy Kuo, GUIDE: Graphical User Interface for Database Exploration, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, p.22-32, September 08-10, 1982
• ZANIOLO. C. 1976.: Analysis and design of relational schemata for database systems. Tech. Rep. UCLA-Eng-7668, Dept. of Computer Science, Univ. of California at Los Angeles.
• ZANIOLO. C. 1983.: Carlo Zaniolo, The database language GEM, Proceedings of the 1983 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, May 23-26, 1983, San Jose, California
• Zlo77: ZLOOF, M. 1977. Query-by-example: A data base language. IBM Syst. J. 16, 324-343.

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  H. Information Systems
  H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
      H.2.1 Logical Design
          Subjects: Data models

Additional Classification:
  H. Information Systems
  H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
      H.2.3 Languages
          Subjects: Data description languages (DDL)

  I. Computing Methodologies
  I.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

General Terms:
Design, Languages