A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression

Subscribe (Full Service)


	Search: The ACM Digital Library The Guide

	Feedback

A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression

Full text

Pdf (996 KB)

Source

International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques archive
Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques table of contents

Pages: 17 - 24

Year of Publication: 1987

ISBN:0-89791-227-6

Also published in ...

Author

Keith Waters

Middlesex Polytechnic, UK

Sponsor

SIGGRAPH: ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques

Publisher

ACM New York, NY, USA

Bibliometrics

Downloads (6 Weeks): 46, Downloads (12 Months): 395, Citation Count: 115

Additional Information:

abstract references cited by index terms collaborative colleagues

Tools and Actions:	Request Permissions Review this Article Save this Article to a Binder Display Formats: BibTeX EndNote ACM Ref

DOI Bookmark:	Use this link to bookmark this Article: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/37401.37405 What is a DOI?

ABSTRACT

The development of a parameterized facial muscle process, that incorporates the use of a model to create realistic facial animation is described.Existing methods of facial parameterization have the inherent problem of hard-wiring performable actions. The development of a muscle process that is controllable by a limited number of parameters and is non-specific to facial topology allows a richer vocabulary and a more general approach to the modelling of the primary facial expressions.A brief discussion of facial structure is given, from which a method for a simple modelling of a muscle process that is suitable for the animation of a number of divergent facial types is described.

REFERENCES

Note: OCR errors may be found in this Reference List extracted from the full text article. ACM has opted to expose the complete List rather than only correct and linked references.

	1	Stephen M. Platt , Norman I. Badler, Animating facial expressions, ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, v.15 n.3, p.245-252, August 1981
	2	Boston D W "Synthetic Facial Communication" British Journal of Audiology 1973 Vol 7 95-101
	3	Peter E. Oppenheimer, Real time design and animation of fractal plants and trees, ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, v.20 n.4, p.55-64, Aug. 1986
	4	Parke F I "A Parameterized Model for Facial Animation" IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 1982 Nov
	5	Parke F I "A Parameteric Model for Human Faces" Technical Report UTEC-CSc75-047 University of Utah 1984
	6	Parka F I "Measuring Three-Dimensional Surfaces with a Two- Dimensional Data Tablet" Computer and Graphics 1975 Vol 1 5- 7 Pergamon Press
	7	Bergeron P "Techniques for Animating Characters" Advanced Computer Animation Course Notes Siggraph 1985
	8	Duncan J P "Anatomical Definition and Modeling" Engineering in Medicine 1986 Vol 15 No 3
	9	Ekman P and Friesea W "Unmasking the Human Face" Prentice Hall Inc 1975
	10	Ekman P and Friesen W "Manual for the the Facial Action Coding System" Consulting Psychologist 1977 Press Palo Alto California
	11	Frornkin V Lip "Postions in English American Vowels" Journal of Language and Speech No 7 215-225 1964
	12	Mark Lee Gillenson, The interactive generation of facial images on a crt using a heuristic strategy., 1974
	13	Hight R L Lip Reader Trainer: "A Computer Programme for the Hearing Impaired" Proc. John Hopla'ns, First National Search for Application of Computing to Aid the Handicapped. IEEE Computer Society 1981 LA 4-5
	14	Kelso et al "A qualitative dynamic analysis of reiterant speech production: Phase portraits, kinematics and dynamic modelling" Journal of Accoustical Society American Vol 77 Nol 1985
	15	Moore J "Towards an Integrated Computer Package for Speech Therapy Training", "Taiking Heads". Microtech Solutions Report Bradford College of Art and Design 1986
	16	Summerfield Q "Roles of the Lips and Teeth in Lipreading Vowels" Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics 1984
	17	Summerfield Q "Analysis, Synthesis and Perception of Visible Articalatory Movements", Academic Press lnc 1983
	18	Warwick R "Grey's Anatomy" 35th edition Longman 1973
	19	Waters K "Expressive Three Dimensional Faces" Procceedings Computer Graphics Online Wembley 1986
	20	Wood P D "An Interactive Graphics System for Planning Reconstructive Surgery" National Procceedings Computer Graphics Association Chicago 130-135 1986
	21	David Louis Zeltzer, Representation and control of three dimensional computer animated figures (graphics, robotics), 1984

CITED BY 115

	Akikazu Takeuchi , Katashi Nagao, Speech dialogue with facial displays, Conference companion on Human factors in computing systems, p.449-450, April 24-28, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
	Salvatore Parise , Sara Kiesler , Lee Sproull , Keith Waters, My partner is a real dog: cooperation with social agents, Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work, p.399-408, November 16-20, 1996, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
	Yuencheng Lee , Demetri Terzopoulos , Keith Walters, Realistic modeling for facial animation, Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.55-62, September 1995
	Daniel Vlasic , Matthew Brand , Hanspeter Pfister , Jovan Popović, Face transfer with multilinear models, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.24 n.3, July 2005
	Mel Slater , Anthony Steed, Meeting people vitually: experiments in shared virtual environments, The social life of avatars: presence and interaction in shared virtual environments, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York, NY, 2002
	Kolja Kähler , Jörg Haber , Hitoshi Yamauchi , Hans-Peter Seidel, Head shop: generating animated head models with anatomical structure, Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation, July 21-22, 2002, San Antonio, Texas
	Rolf M. Koch , Markus H. Gross , Friedrich R. Carls , Daniel F. von Büren , George Fankhauser , Yoav I. H. Parish, Simulating facial surgery using finite element models, Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.421-428, August 1996
	Akikazu Takeuchi , Taketo Naito, Situated facial displays: towards social interaction, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.450-455, May 07-11, 1995, Denver, Colorado, United States
	Brian Guenter , Cindy Grimm , Daniel Wood , Henrique Malvar , Fredric Pighin, Making faces, Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.55-66, July 1998
	Gaspard Breton , Christian Bouville , Danielle Pelé, FaceEngine a 3D facial animation engine for real time applications, Proceedings of the sixth international conference on 3D Web technology, p.15-22, February 2001, Paderbon, Germany
	Jun-yong Noh , Ulrich Neumann, Expression cloning, Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.277-288, August 2001
	Akikazu Takeuchi , Katashi Nagao, Communicative facial displays as a new conversational modality, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.187-193, April 24-29, 1993, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
	Ingrid Carlbom , William M. Hsu , Gudrun Klinker , Richard Szeliski , Keith Waters , Michael Doyle , Jim Gettys , Kristen M. Harris , Thomas M. Levergood , Ricky Palmer , Larry Palmer , Marc Picart , Demetri Terzopoulos , David Tonnesen , Michael Vannier , Greg Wallace, Modeling and analysis of empirical data in collaborative environments, Communications of the ACM, v.35 n.6, p.74-84, June 1992
	Volker Blanz , Thomas Vetter, A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces, Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.187-194, July 1999
	Steven Pieper , Joseph Rosen , David Zeltzer, Interactive graphics for plastic surgery: a task-level analysis and implementation, Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics, p.127-134, June 1992, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
	Gavin S. P. Miller, The motion dynamics of snakes and worms, ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, v.22 n.4, p.169-173, Aug. 1988
	J. E. Chadwick , D. R. Haumann , R. E. Parent, Layered construction for deformable animated characters, ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, v.23 n.3, p.243-252, July 1989
	Jun-yong Noh , Douglas Fidaleo , Ulrich Neumann, Animated deformations with radial basis functions, Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology, October 22-25, 2000, Seoul, Korea
	Tony Ezzat , Gadi Geiger , Tomaso Poggio, Trainable videorealistic speech animation, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.21 n.3, July 2002
	Zicheng Liu , Ying Shan , Zhengyou Zhang, Expressive expression mapping with ratio images, Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.271-276, August 2001
	Igor S. Pandzic, Facial animation framework for the web and mobile platforms, Proceeding of the seventh international conference on 3D Web technology, p.27-34, February 24-28, 2002, Tempe, Arizona, USA
	M. Slater , J. Howell , A. Steed , D-P. Pertaub , M. Garau, Acting in virtual reality, Proceedings of the third international conference on Collaborative virtual environments, p.103-110, September 2000, San Francisco, California, United States
	K. Waters , T. Levergood, An automatic lip-synchronization algorithm for synthetic faces, Proceedings of the second ACM international conference on Multimedia, p.149-156, October 15-20, 1994, San Francisco, California, United States
	Pengyu Hong , Zhen Wen , Thomas Huang, An integrated framework for face modeling, facial motion analysis and synthesis, Proceedings of the ninth ACM international conference on Multimedia, September 30-October 05, 2001, Ottawa, Canada
	Mario Tokoro, The society of objects, ACM SIGPLAN OOPS Messenger, v.5 n.2, p.3-12, April 1994
	Frédéric Pighin , Jamie Hecker , Dani Lischinski , Richard Szeliski , David H. Salesin, Synthesizing realistic facial expressions from photographs, Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.75-84, July 1998
	Doug L. James , Dinesh K. Pai, ArtDefo: accurate real time deformable objects, Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.65-72, July 1999
	Richard Bowden , Pakorn Kaewtrakulpong , Martin Lewin, Jeremiah: the face of computer vision, Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Smart graphics, p.124-128, June 11-13, 2002, Hawthorne, New York
	Sarah F. Gibson, 3D chainmail: a fast algorithm for deforming volumetric objects, Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics, p.149-ff., April 27-30, 1997, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
	Ian Buck , Adam Finkelstein , Charles Jacobs , Allison Klein , David H. Salesin , Joshua Seims , Richard Szeliski , Kentaro Toyama, Performance-driven hand-drawn animation, Proceedings of the 1st international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering, p.101-108, June 05-07, 2000, Annecy, France
	Ferdi Scheepers , Richard E. Parent , Wayne E. Carlson , Stephen F. May, Anatomy-based modeling of the human musculature, Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.163-172, August 1997
	Michel D. Bondy , Nicolas D. Georganas , Emil M. Petriu , Dorina C. Petriu , Marius D. Cordea , Thomas E. Whalen, Model-based face and lip animation for interactive virtual reality applications, Proceedings of the ninth ACM international conference on Multimedia, September 30-October 05, 2001, Ottawa, Canada
	Janet H. Walker , Lee Sproull , R. Subramani, Using a human face in an interface, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: celebrating interdependence, p.85-91, April 24-28, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
	Takaaki Akimoto , Yasuhito Suenaga , Richard S. Wallace, Automatic Creation of 3D Facial Models, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, v.13 n.5, p.16-22, September 1993
	Kolja Kähler , Jörg Haber , Hans-Peter Seidel, Geometry-based muscle modeling for facial animation, No description on Graphics interface 2001, p.37-46, June 07-09, 2001, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
	David J. Sturman, Computer Puppetry, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, v.18 n.1, p.38-45, January 1998
	Yong Cao , Petros Faloutsos , Frédéric Pighin, Unsupervised learning for speech motion editing, Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation, July 26-27, 2003, San Diego, California
	Sandra Baldassarri , Diego Gutierrez Perez , Francisco Seron Arbeloa, Modelling objects with changing shapes: a survey, Machine Graphics & Vision International Journal, v.11 n.4, p.399-430, 2002
	Kolja Kähler , Jörg Haber , Hans-Peter Seidel, Reanimating the dead: reconstruction of expressive faces from skull data, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.22 n.3, July 2003
	Qingshan Zhang , Zicheng Liu , Baining Guo , Harry Shum, Geometry-driven photorealistic facial expression synthesis, Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation, July 26-27, 2003, San Diego, California
	John van der Burg, Building an advanced facial expression system, Graphics programming methods, Charles River Media, Inc., Rockland, MA, 2003
	Igor S. Pandzic, Facial motion cloning, Graphical Models, v.65 n.6, p.385-404, November 2003
	Hyewon Pyun , Yejin Kim , Wonseok Chae , Hyung Woo Kang , Sung Yong Shin, An example-based approach for facial expression cloning, Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation, July 26-27, 2003, San Diego, California
	Victor Brian Zordan , Bhrigu Celly , Bill Chiu , Paul C. DiLorenzo, Breathe easy: model and control of simulated respiration for animation, Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation, August 27-29, 2004, Grenoble, France
	Pei-Hsuan Tu , I-Chen Lin , Jeng-Sheng Yeh , Rung-Huei Liang , Ming Ouhyoung, Surface detail capturing for realistic facial animation, Journal of Computer Science and Technology, v.19 n.5, p.618-625, September 2004
	Henry J. Lamousin , Warren N. Waggenspack Jr., NURBS-Based Free-Form Deformations, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, v.14 n.6, p.59-65, November 1994
	Lance Williams, Performance-driven facial animation, ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, v.24 n.4, p.235-242, Aug. 1990
	F. Dong , G. J. Clapworthy , M. A. Krokos , J. Yao, An Anatomy-Based Approach to Human Muscle Modeling and Deformation, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, v.8 n.2, p.154-170, April 2002
	Sooha Park Lee , Jeremy B. Badler , Norman I. Badler, Eyes alive, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.21 n.3, July 2002
	K. S. Choi , H. Sun , P. A. Heng , J. C. Y. Cheng, A scalable force propagation approach for web-based deformable simulation of soft tissues, Proceeding of the seventh international conference on 3D Web technology, p.185-193, February 24-28, 2002, Tempe, Arizona, USA
	Sarah F. Frisken-Gibson, Using Linked Volumes to Model Object Collisions, Deformation, Cutting, Carving, and Joining, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, v.5 n.4, p.333-348, October 1999
	Katashi Nagao , Akikazu Takeuchi, Speech dialogue with facial displays: multimodal human-computer conversation, Proceedings of the 32nd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, p.102-109, June 27-30, 1994, Las Cruces, New Mexico
	Yu Zhang , Edmond C. Prakash , Eric Sung, A New Physical Model with Multilayer Architecture for Facial Expression Animation Using Dynamic Adaptive Mesh, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, v.10 n.3, p.339-352, May 2004
	Darren Cosker , Susan Paddock , David Marshall , Paul. L. Rosin , Simon Rushton, Towards perceptually realistic talking heads: models, methods and McGurk, Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization, August 07-08, 2004, Los Angeles, California
	Zhengyou Zhang , Zicheng Liu , Dennis Adler , Michael F. Cohen , Erik Hanson , Ying Shan, Robust and Rapid Generation of Animated Faces from Video Images: A Model-Based Modeling Approach, International Journal of Computer Vision, v.58 n.2, p.93-119, July 2004
	D. Terzopoulos , K. Waters, Analysis and Synthesis of Facial Image Sequences Using Physical and Anatomical Models, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, v.15 n.6, p.569-579, June 1993
	Yong Cao , Petros Faloutsos , Eddie Kohler , Frédéric Pighin, Real-time speech motion synthesis from recorded motions, Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation, August 27-29, 2004, Grenoble, France
	Rong-Hua Liang , Zhi-Geng Pan , Chun Chen, New algorithm for 3D facial model reconstruction and its application in virtual reality, Journal of Computer Science and Technology, v.19 n.4, p.501-509, July 2004
	Yasuyo Kita, Elastic-Model Driven Analysis of Several Views of a Deformable Cylindrical Object, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, v.18 n.12, p.1150-1162, December 1996
	Catherine Pelachaud , Isabella Poggi, Multimodal communication between synthetic agents, Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces, May 24-27, 1998, L'Aquila, Italy
	Lynette van Zijl , Dean Barker, South African Sign Language Machine Translation System, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Computer graphics, virtual Reality, visualisation and interaction in Africa, February 03-05, 2003, Cape Town, South Africa
	Bo Zhang , Zicheng Liu , Baining Guo, Photo-realistic conversation agent, Integrated image and graphics technologies, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 2004
	Mu-Chun Su , I-Chen Liu, Application of the Self-Organizing Feature Map Algorithm in Facial Image Morphing, Neural Processing Letters, v.14 n.1, p.35-47, August 2001
	Eftychios Sifakis , Igor Neverov , Ronald Fedkiw, Automatic determination of facial muscle activations from sparse motion capture marker data, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.24 n.3, July 2005
	Darren Cosker , Susan Paddock , David Marshall , Paul L. Rosin , Simon Rushton, Toward Perceptually Realistic Talking Heads: Models, Methods, and McGurk, ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP), v.2 n.3, p.270-285, July 05
	Yong Cao , Wen C. Tien , Petros Faloutsos , Frédéric Pighin, Expressive speech-driven facial animation, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.24 n.4, p.1283-1302, October 2005
	Mandun Zhang , Jian Yao , Bin Ding , Yangsheng Wang, Fast individual face modeling and animation, Proceedings of the second Australasian conference on Interactive entertainment, p.235-239, November 23-25, 2005, Sydney, Australia
	Douglas J. Wiley , James K. Hahn, Interpolation Synthesis of Articulated Figure Motion, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, v.17 n.6, p.39-45, November 1997
	Victor B. Zordan , Bhrigu Celly , Bill Chiu , Paul C. DiLorenzo, Breathe easy: model and control of human respiration for computer animation, Graphical Models, v.68 n.2, p.113-132, March 2006
	Sing Bing Kang , Michael Jones, Appearance-Based Structure from Motion Using Linear Classes of 3-D Models, International Journal of Computer Vision, v.49 n.1, p.5-22, August 2002
	Meeran Byun , Norman I. Badler, FacEMOTE: qualitative parametric modifiers for facial animations, Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation, July 21-22, 2002, San Antonio, Texas
	K. Fei, Expressive textures, Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Computer graphics, virtual reality and visualisation, November 05-07, 2001, Camps Bay, Cape Town, South Africa
	Andreas Wiratanaya , Michael Hähnel , Karl-Friedrich Kraiss, An application of facial animation techniques to expression normalization for robust face recognition, ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Research posters, July 30-August 03, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts
	Brian Guenter , Cindy Grimm , Daniel Wood , Henrique Malvar , Fredrick Pighin, Making faces, ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Courses, July 31-August 04, 2005, Los Angeles, California
	Eftychios Sifakis , Andrew Selle , Avram Robinson-Mosher , Ronald Fedkiw, Simulating speech with a physics-based facial muscle model, Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation, September 02-04, 2006, Vienna, Austria
	Hiroyuki Kubo , Hiroaki Yanagisawa , Akinobu Maejima , Demetri Terzopoulos , Shigeo Morishima, Facial animation by the manipulation of a few control points subject to muscle constraints, ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Research posters, July 30-August 03, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts
	S. K. Semwal , J. Ohya , I. Semwal , B. Bikker, Visual blending using 2D morphing, Proceedings of the 24th IASTED international conference on Signal processing, pattern recognition, and applications, p.316-321, February 15-17, 2006, Innsbruck, Austria
	Nurazlin Zainal Azmi , Rahmita Wirza , Ramlan Mahmod, Modeling expressive wrinkle on human face, Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australasia and Southeast Asia, November 29-December 02, 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
	Frederic Pighin , Jamie Hecker , Dani Lischinski , Richard Szeliski , David H. Salesin, Synthesizing realistic facial expressions from photographs, ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses, July 30-August 03, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts
	George Borshukov , Jefferson Montgomery , Witek Werner, Playable universal capture: compression and real-time sequencing of image-based facial animation, ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses, July 30-August 03, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts
	Ian Buck , Adam Finkelstein , Charles Jacobs , Allison Klein , David H. Salesiny , Joshua Seims , Richard Szeliski , Kentaro Toyama, Performance-driven hand-drawn animation, ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses, July 30-August 03, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts
	Daniel Vlasic , Matthew Brand , Hanspeter Pfister , Jovan Popovic, Face transfer with multilinear models, ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses, July 30-August 03, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts
	Brian Guenter , Cindy Grimm , Daniel Wood , Henrique Malvar , Fredrick Pighin, Making faces, ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses, July 30-August 03, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts
	Yanzhen Wang , Yueshan Xiong , Kai Xu , Ke Tan , Guangyou Guo, A mass-spring model for surface mesh deformation based on shape matching, Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australasia and Southeast Asia, November 29-December 02, 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
	Lance Williams, Performance-driven facial animation, ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses, July 30-August 03, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts
	Byoungwon Choe , Hyeong-Seok Ko, Analysis and synthesis of facial expressions with hand-generated muscle actuation basis, ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses, July 30-August 03, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts
	Jun-yong Noh , Ulrich Neumann, Expression cloning, ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses, July 30-August 03, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts
	Hyewon Pyun , Yejin Kim , Wonseok Chae , Hyung Woo Kang , Sung Yong Shin, An example-based approach for facial expression cloning, ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses, July 30-August 03, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts
	Tatsuo Yotsukura , Shigeo Morishima , Satoshi Nakamura, Speech to talking heads system based on hidden Markov models, ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Posters, July 31-August 04, 2005, Los Angeles, California
	C. Chen , E. C. Prakash, Physically based facial expression synthesizer with performance analysis and GPU-aided simulation, Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Game research and development, p.171-176, December 04-06, 2006, Perth, Australia
	Frédéric Pighin , J. P. Lewis, Introduction, ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Courses, July 31-August 04, 2005, Los Angeles, California
	Frédéric Pighin , Jamie Hecker , Dani Lischinski , Richard Szeliski , David H. Salesin, Synthesizing realistic facial expressions from photographs, ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Courses, July 31-August 04, 2005, Los Angeles, California
	Byoungwon Choe , Hyeong-Seok Ko, Analysis and synthesis of facial expressions with hand-generated muscle actuation basis, ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Courses, July 31-August 04, 2005, Los Angeles, California
	Hyungi Kim , Maenghyo Cho, Fast update of elastic body simulation under impact load by efficient reduction method, Advances in Engineering Software, v.38 n.3, p.193-211, March, 2007
	Mauricio Radovan , Laurette Pretorius, Facial animation in a nutshell: past, present and future, Proceedings of the 2006 annual research conference of the South African institute of computer scientists and information technologists on IT research in developing couuntries, p.71-79, October 09-11, 2006, Somerset West, South Africa
	Marco Fratarcangeli , Marco Schaerf , Robert Forchheimer, Facial motion cloning with radial basis functions in MPEG-4 FBA, Graphical Models, v.69 n.2, p.106-118, March, 2007
	Yasushi Ishibashi , Hiroyuki Kubo , Akinobu Maejima , Demetri Terzopoulos , Shigeo Morishima, Facial muscle adaptation for expression customization, ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 posters, August 05-09, 2007, San Diego, California
	Kevin Wampler , Daichi Sasaki , Li Zhang , Zoran Popović, Dynamic, expressive speech animation from a single mesh, Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation, August 02-04, 2007, San Diego, California
	Ig-Jae Kim , Hyeong-Seok Ko, Intuitive quasi-eigen faces, Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australia and Southeast Asia, December 01-04, 2007, Perth, Australia
	David Sturman, The state of computer animation, ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, v.32 n.1, p.57-61, Feb. 1998
	Rita T. Griesser , Douglas W. Cunningham , Christian Wallraven , Heinrich H. Bülthoff, Psychophysical investigation of facial expressions using computer animated faces, Proceedings of the 4th symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization, July 25-27, 2007, Tubingen, Germany
	Paul C. DiLorenzo , Victor B. Zordan , Benjamin L. Sanders, Laughing out loud: control for modeling anatomically inspired laughter using audio, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.27 n.5, December 2008
	Yuru Pei , Hongbin Zha, Transferring of Speech Movements from Video to 3D Face Space, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, v.13 n.1, p.58-69, January 2007
	Jari Kätsyri , Mikko Sams, The effect of dynamics on identifying basic emotions from synthetic and natural faces, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, v.66 n.4, p.233-242, April, 2008
	Barry-John Theobald , Iain A. Matthews , Jeffrey F. Cohn , Steven M. Boker, Real-time expression cloning using appearance models, Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces, November 12-15, 2007, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
	Alice Wang , Michael Emmi , Petros Faloutsos, Assembling an expressive facial animation system, Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on Video games, August 04-05, 2007, San Diego, California
	Steve DiPaola , Ali Arya, A framework for socially communicative faces for game and interactive learning applications, Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Future Play, November 14-17, 2007, Toronto, Canada
	Lee Sproull , Mani Subramani , Sara Kiesler , Janet H. Walker , Keith Waters, When the interface is a face, Human-Computer Interaction, v.11 n.2, p.97-124, June 1996
	Chuan-Kai Yang , Wei-Ting Chiang, An interactive facial expression generation system, Multimedia Tools and Applications, v.40 n.1, p.41-60, October 2008
	Marcos García , Oscar D. Robles , Luis Pastor , Angel Rodríguez, Technical Section: MSRS: A fast linear solver for the real-time simulation of deformable objects, Computers and Graphics, v.32 n.3, p.293-306, June, 2008
	Shinjiro Sueda , Andrew Kaufman , Dinesh K. Pai, Musculotendon simulation for hand animation, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.27 n.3, August 2008
	Nicolas Stoiber , Renaud Seguier , Gaspard Breton, Automatic design of a control interface for a synthetic face, Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, February 08-11, 2009, Sanibel Island, Florida, USA
	Qing Chen , Marius D. Cordea , Emil M. Petriu , Annamaria R. Varkonyi-Koczy , Thomas E. Whalen, Human Computer interaction for smart environment applications using hand gestures and facial expressions, International Journal of Advanced Media and Communication, v.3 n.1/2, p.95-109, June 2009
	K. C. Hui , H. C. Leung, Technical Section: Expression modeling-a boundary element approach, Computers and Graphics, v.30 n.6, p.981-993, December, 2006
	Qingshan Zhang , Zicheng Liu , Baining Guo , Demetri Terzopoulos , Heung-Yeung Shum, Geometry-Driven Photorealistic Facial Expression Synthesis, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, v.12 n.1, p.48-60, January 2006