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Computer programming as an art
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Communications of the ACM archive
Volume 17 ,  Issue 12  (December 1974) table of contents
Pages: 667 - 673  
Year of Publication: 1974
ISSN:0001-0782
Author
Donald E. Knuth  Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA
Publisher
ACM  New York, NY, USA
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Downloads (6 Weeks): 30,   Downloads (12 Months): 229,   Citation Count: 17
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ABSTRACT

When Communications of the ACM began publication in 1959, the members of ACM's Editorial Board made the following remark as they described the purposes of ACM's periodicals [2]: “If computer programming is to become an important part of computer research and development, a transition of programming from an art to a disciplined science must be effected.” Such a goal has been a continually recurring theme during the ensuing years; for example, we read in 1970 of the “first steps toward transforming the art of programming into a science” [26]. Meanwhile we have actually succeeded in making our discipline a science, and in a remarkably simple way: merely by deciding to call it “computer science.”


REFERENCES

Note: OCR errors may be found in this Reference List extracted from the full text article. ACM has opted to expose the complete List rather than only correct and linked references.

 
1
Bailey, Nathan. Tile Universal Etymological English Dictionary. T. Cox, London, 1727. See "Art," "Liberal," and "Science."
2
 
3
Bentham, Jeremy. The Rationale of Reward. Trans. from Thdorie des pehws et des re'compenses, 1811, by Richard Smith, J. & H. L. Hunt, London, 1825.
 
4
The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia 1. The Century Co., New York, 1889.
 
5
Clementi, Muzio. The Art of Playing the Piano. Trans. from L'art de jouer le pianoforte by Max Vogrich. Schirmer, New York, 1898.
 
6
Colvin, Sidney. "Art." Encyclopaedia Britannica, eds 9, 11, 12, 13, 1875-1926.
 
7
Coxeter, H. S. M. Convocation address, Proc. 4th Canadian Math. Congress, 1957, pp. 8-10.
 
8
Dijkstra, Edsger W. EWD316: A Short Introduction to the Art of Programming. T. H. Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Aug. 1971.
9
 
10
Fielden, Thomas. The Science of Pianoforte Technique. Macmillan, London, 1927.
 
11
Gore, George. The Art of Scientific Discovery. Longmans, Green, London, 1878.
 
12
Hamilton, William. Lectures on Logic 1. Win. Blackwood, Edinburgh, 1874.
 
13
Hodges, John A. Elementary Photography: The "Amateur Photographer" Library 7. London, 1893. Sixth ed, revised and enlarged, 1907, p. 58.
 
14
Howard, C. Frusher. Howard's Art of Computation and golden rule for equation of payments for schools, business colleges and self-culture .... C.F. Howard, San Francisco, 1879.
 
15
Hummel, J.N. The Art of Playing the Piano Forte. Boosey, London, 1827.
 
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17
Kirwan, Richard. Elements of Mineralogy. Elmsly, London, 1784.
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20
Knuth, Donald E. Seminumerical Algorithms: The Art of Computer Programmhrg 2. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1969.
21
 
22
Kochevitsky, George. The Art of Piano PlaybTg: A Scientific Approach. Summy-Birchard, Evanston, II1., 1967.
 
23
Lehmer, Emma. Number theory on the SWAC. Proc. Syrup. Applied Math. 6, Amer. Math. Soc. (1956), 103-108.
 
24
Mahesh Yogi, Maharishi. The Science of Behtg and Art of Livhrg. Allen & Unwin, London, 1963.
 
25
Malevinsky, Moses L. The Science of Playwriting. Brentano's, New York, 1925.
26
 
27
Marckwardt, Albert H, Preface to Funk and Wagnall's Standard College Dictionary. Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, 1963, vii.
 
28
Mill, John Stuart. A System Of Logic, Ratioehlative and hrductive. London, 1843. The quotations are from the introduction, 2 and from Book 6, Chap. 11 (12 in later editions), 15.
 
29
Mueller, Robert E. Tire Science of Art. John Day, New York, 1967.
 
30
Parsons, Albert Ross. The Science of Pianoforte Practice. Schirmer, New York, 1886.
 
31
Pedoe, Daniel. The Gentle Art of Mathematics. English u. Press, London, 1953.
 
32
Ruskin, John. Tire Stones of Venice 3. London, 1853.
 
33
Salton, G.A. Personal communication, June 21, 1974.
 
34
Snow, C.P. The two cultures. The New Statesman and Nation 52 (Oct. 6, 1956), 413-414.
 
35
Snow, C.P. The Two Cultures: and a Second Look. Cambridge University Press, 1964.

CITED BY  17