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 ABSTRACT
A direct-manipulation user interface presents a set of visual representations on a display and a repertoire of manipulations that can be performed on any of them. Such representations might include screen buttons, scroll bars, spreadsheet cells, or flowchart boxes. Interaction techniques of this kind were first seen in interactive graphics systems; they are now proving effective in user interfaces for applications that are not inherently graphical. Although they are often easy to learn and use, these interfaces are also typically difficult to specify and program clearly.
Examination of direct-manipulation interfaces reveals that they have a coroutine-like structure and, despite their surface appearance, a peculiar, highly moded dialogue. This paper introduces a specification technique for direct-manipulation interfaces based on these observations. In it, each locus of dialogue is described as a separate object with a single-thread state diagram, which can be suspended and resumed, but retains state. The objects are then combined to define the overall user interface as a set of coroutines, rather than inappropriately as a single highly regular state transition diagram. An inheritance mechanism for the interaction objects is provided to avoid repetitiveness in the specifications. A prototype implementation of a user-interface management system based on this approach is described, and example specifications are given.
REFERENCES
Note: OCR errors may be found in this Reference List extracted from the full text article. ACM has opted to expose the complete List rather than only correct and linked references.
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CITED BY 49
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Brookshire D. Conner , Scott S. Snibbe , Kenneth P. Herndon , Daniel C. Robbins , Robert C. Zeleznik , Andries van Dam, Three-dimensional widgets, Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics, p.183-188, June 1992, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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Christopher Codella , Reza Jalili , Lawrence Koved , J. Bryan Lewis , Daniel T. Ling , James S. Lipscomb , David A. Rabenhorst , Chu P. Wang , Alan Norton , Paula Sweeney , Greg Turk, Interactive simulation in a multi-person virtual world, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.329-334, May 03-07, 1992, Monterey, California, United States
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Pedro Szekely , Ping Luo , Robert Neches, Facilitating the exploration of interface design alternatives: the HUMANOID model of interface design, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.507-515, May 03-07, 1992, Monterey, California, United States
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Tyson R. Henry , Scott E. Hudson , Gary L. Newell, Integrating gesture and snapping into a user interface toolkit, Proceedings of the 3rd annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User interface software and technology, p.112-122, October 03-05, 1990, Snowbird, Utah, United States
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J. Bryan Lewis , Lawrence Koved , Daniel T. Ling, Dialogue structures for virtual worlds, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Reaching through technology, p.131-136, April 27-May 02, 1991, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
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Gurminder Singh , Zhao Cuie, Sage: creating reusable, modularized interactive behaviors by demonstration, Conference companion on Human factors in computing systems, p.297-298, April 24-28, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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REVIEW
"Warren S. Hoffman : Reviewer"
Many of us use and benefit daily from computers equipped with
direct-manipulation interfaces (such as an Apple Macintosh or an MS-DOS
machine equipped with Microsoft Windows). I, for one, have never stopped to
think how I would specify the flow
more...
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