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The beginning and development of FORMAC: FORmula MAnipulation Compiler
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History of programming languages---II book contents
SECTION: FORMAC session table of contents
Pages: 429 - 469  
Year of Publication: 1996
Author
Jean E. Sammet  Bethesda, MD
Publisher
ACM  New York, NY, USA
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ABSTRACT

The first widely available programming language for symbolic mathematical computation to have significant practical was FORMAC (FORmula MAnipulation Compiler). This paper discusses the earliest conceptual work in detail, and then provides information about later developments of the language. Other languages and systems of the early and mid-1960s are described briefly, with emphasis on their relation to FORMAC. There are also a few glimpses into the software management process at IBM. Finally there is an evaluation of FORMAC and its influence.


REFERENCES

Note: OCR errors may be found in this Reference List extracted from the full text article. ACM has opted to expose the complete List rather than only correct and linked references.

 
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{Bleiweiss, 1966} Bleiweiss, L. et al. A Time-Shared Algebraic Desk Calculator Version of FORMAC, IBM Corp., TR00.1415, Systems Development Division, Poughkeepsie, NY Mar. 1966.
 
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{Bobrow, 1968} Bobrow, D. G., Ed. Symbol Manipulation Languages and Techniques, Proceedings of the IFIP Working Conference on Symbol Manipulation Languages, Pisa, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1968.
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{Bond, 1965a} Bond, E. et al. Implementation of FORMAC, TR00.1260, IBM Systems Development Division, Poughkeepsie Laboratory, NY, March 1965.
 
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{Bond, 1968} Bond, E. R. and Cundall, P. A. A. Possible PL/I Extension for Mathematical Symbol Manipulation, in Symbol Manipulation Languages and Techniques, Proceedings of the IFIP Working Conference on Symbol Manipulation Languages, D. G. Bobrow, Ed., Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1968, pp. 116--132.
 
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{Evey, 1962} Evey, R. J., Grisoff, S. F., Sammet, J. E., and Tobey, R. G. FORMAC Preliminary Language Specifications, IBM, Boston Advanced Programming, Advanced Computer Utilization Dept., Data Systems Division, Dec. 14, 1962.
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{Haanstra, 1965} Haanstra, J. W. FORMAC, Memo to P. W. Knaplund, IBM, April 12, 1965.
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{Hearn, 1967} Hearn, Anthony C. REDUCE USERS'MANUAL, Memo No. 50, Stanford Artificial Intelligence Project, Feb. 1967.
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{IBM, 1965} FORMAC (Operating and User's Preliminary Reference Manual), IBM Corp., No. 7090 R2IBM 0016, IBM Program Information Dept., Hawthorne, NY, Aug. 1965.
 
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{IBM, 1966} DESCRIPTION OF TIME-SHARED FORMAC, IBM, Boston Programming Center, No. CC-257, Computation Center, MIT, March 1966.
 
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{IBM, 1967} PL/I-FORMAC Interpreter, IBM Corp., Contributed Program Library, 360D 03.3.004, Program Information Dept., Hawthorne, NY, Oct. 1967.
 
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{Martin, 1967} Martin, W. A. Symbolic Mathematical Laboratory, MIT, MAC-TR-36(Ph.D. thesis), Project MAC, Cambridge, MA, Jan. 1967.
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{Morris, 1967} Morris, A. H., Jr. The FLAP Language---A Programmer's Guide, U.S. Naval Weapons Lab., K-8/67, Dahlgren, VA. Jan. 1967.
 
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{Moses, 1967} Moses, Joel. Symbolic Integration, MAC-TR-47, Project MAC, MIT. Dec. 1967.
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{Penn State, 1983} CFORMAC: CONVERSATIONAL FORMAC, The Pennsylvania State University Computation Center, Aug. 1983.
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{Perlis, 1966} Perlis, A. J., Iturriaga, R., and Standish, T. A. A Definition of Formula ALGOL, Carnegie Inst. of Tech., Pittsburgh, PA, Aug. 1966.
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{Sammet, 1962a} Sammet, Jean E. Project Description for Symbol Manipulation Compiler, internal memo, IBM, Aug. 1, 1962.
 
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{Sammet, 1962b} Sammet, Jean E. Numerical Estimates for Justification of SYmbol MAnipulation COMpiler, internal memo, IBM, Aug. 13, 1962.
 
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{Sammet, 1963a} Sammet, Jean E. FORMAC and NPL, internal memo, IBM, May 20, 1963.
 
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{Sammet, 1963b} Sammet, Jean E. Implementation of FORMAC for NPL, internal memo, IBM, Nov., 23, 1963.
 
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{Sammet, 1964a} Sammet, Jean E. and Elaine R. Bond, Introduction to FORMAC, IEEE Trans. Elec. Comp., Vol. EC-13, No. 4, Aug. 1964, pp. 386--394.
 
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{Sammet, 1964b} Sammet, Jean E. and Elaine R. Bond, Proposed FORMAC Activity in 1965, internal memo, IBM, Oct. 12, 1964.
 
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{Sammet, 1965a} Sammet, Jean E. and Elaine R. Bond, Updated Summary of Interest on FORMAC, internal memo, IBM, Sept. 27, 1965.
 
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{Sammet, 1965b} Sammet, Jean E. and Elaine R. Bond, Faults with FORMAC, internal memo, IBM, May 28, 1965.
 
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{Sammet, 1965c} Sammet, Jean E. and Elaine R. Bond, Efficient polynomial manipulation capability for OS/360 FORMAC, internal memo, IBM, Mar. 23, 1965.
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{Sammet, 1966b} Sammet, Jean E. and Elaine R. Bond, An Annotated Descriptor Based Bibliography on the Use of Computers for Non-Numerical Mathematics, Computing Reviews, Vol. 7, No. 4, July-Aug., 1966, pp. B-1-B-31.
 
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{Sammet, 1966c} Sammet, Jean E. and Elaine R. Bond, Survey of the Use of Computers for Doing Non-Numerical Mathematics, IBM Systems Development Division, Poughkeepsie Laboratory, NY, TR 00.1428, Mar. 1966.
 
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{Sammet, 1967} Sammet, Jean E. and Elaine R. Bond, Formula Manipulation by Computer, in Advances in Computers, Vol. 8, F. L. Alt and M. Rubinoff, Eds., New York: Academic Press, 1967, pp. 47--102.
 
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{Sammet, 1968} Sammet, Jean E. and Elaine R. Bond, Revised Annotated Descriptor Based Bibliography on the Use of Computers for Non-Numerical Mathematics, in Symbol Manipulation Languages and Techniques, D. G. Bobrow, Ed., Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1968, pp. 358--484.
 
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{Sammet, 1971} Sammet, Jean E. and Elaine R. Bond, Software for Nonnumerical Mathematics, in MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE, John Rice, Ed., New York: Academic Press, 1971, pp. 295--330.
 
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{Sammet, 1990} Sammet, Jean E. and Elaine R. Bond, Symbolic Computation: The Early Days (1950--1971), in Computers in Mathematics, David V. Chudnovsky and Richard D. Jenks, Eds., New York: Marcel Dekker, 1990, pp. 351--366.
 
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{Sconzo, 1965} Sconzo, P., LeSchack, A. R., and Tobey, R. G. Symbolic Computation of f and g Series by Computer, Astronomical Journal, Vol. 70, No. 4, May 1965. pp. 269--271.
 
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{SHARE, 1983} SHARE-FORMAC, No. 360D-03.3.013 II, Aug. 1983.
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{Tobey, 1965a} Tobey, R. G. et al. Preliminary Specifications for FORMAL NPL (System/360 FORMAC), internal report, IBM, Jan. 28, 1965.
 
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{Tobey, 1965b} Tobey, R. G., Bobrow, R. J., and Zilles, S. N. Automatic Simplification in FORMAC, in Proceedings of the AFIPS Fall Joint Computer Conference, Vol. 27, Nov. 1965, pp. 37--52.
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