Object orientation in multidatabase systems

ABSTRACT

A multidatabase system (MDBS) is a confederation of preexisting distributed, heterogeneous, and autonomous database systems. There has been a recent proliferation of research suggesting the application of object-oriented techniques to facilitate the complex task of designing and implementing MDBSs. Although this approach seems promising, the lack of a general framework impedes any further development. The goal of this paper is to provide a concrete analysis and categorization of the various ways in which object orientation has affected the task of designing and implementing MDBSs.We identify three dimensions in which the object-oriented paradigm has influenced this task: the general system architecture, the schema architecture, and the heterogeneous transaction management. Then we provide a classification and a comprehensive analysis of the issues related to each of the above dimensions. To demonstrate the applicability of this analysis, we conclude with a comparative review of existing multidatabase systems.

REFERENCES

• 1: Serge Abiteboul , Anthony Bonner, Objects and views, Proceedings of the 1991 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, p.238-247, May 29-31, 1991, Denver, Colorado, United States
• 2: AGHA, G. 1986.Actors. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
• 3: AHMED, R., ALBERT, J., DU, W., KENT, W., LITWIN, W., AND SHAN, M.-C. 1993. An overview of Pegasus. In Proceedings of the RIDE-IMS (April), 273-277.
• 4: AHMED, R., DESCHEDT, P., KENT, W., KETABCHI, M., LITWIN, W., RAFII, A., AND SHAN, M.-C. 1991. Pegasus: A system for seamless integration of heterogeneous information sources. In COMP- CON 91 (March), 128-136.
• 5: Rafi Ahmed , Philippe De Smedt , Weimin Du , William Kent , Mohammad A. Ketabchi , Witold A. Litwin , Abbas Rafii , Ming-Chien Shan, The Pegasus Heterogeneous Multidatabase System, Computer, v.24 n.12, p.19-27, December 1991 [doi>10.1109/2.116885]
• 6: ALBERT, J., AHMED, R., KETABCHI, M., KENT, W., AND SHAN, M.-C. 1993. Automatic importation of relational schemas in Pegasus. In Proceedings of the RIDE-IMS (April), 105-113.
• 7: B. R. Badrinath , Krithi Ramamritham, Synchronizing Transactions on Objects, IEEE Transactions on Computers, v.37 n.5, p.541-547, May 1988 [doi>10.1109/12.4605]
• 8: Jay Banerjee , Hong-Tai Chou , Jorge F. Garza , Won Kim , Darrell Woelk , Nat Ballou , Hyoung-Joo Kim, Data model issues for object-oriented applications, ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), v.5 n.1, p.3-26, Jan. 1987 [doi>10.1145/22890.22945]
• 9: Naser S. Barghouti , Gail E. Kaiser, Concurrency control in advanced database applications, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), v.23 n.3, p.269-317, Sept. 1991 [doi>10.1145/116873.116875]
• 10: C. Batini , M. Lenzerini , S. B. Navathe, A comparative analysis of methodologies for database schema integration, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), v.18 n.4, p.323-364, Dec. 1986 [doi>10.1145/27633.27634]
• 11: Catriel Beeri , Philip A. Bernstein , Nathan Goodman, A model for concurrency in nested transactions systems, Journal of the ACM (JACM), v.36 n.2, p.230-269, April 1989 [doi>10.1145/62044.62046]
• 12: Philip A. Bernstein , Vassco Hadzilacos , Nathan Goodman, Concurrency control and recovery in database systems, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, 1987
• 13: BERTINO, E. 1991. Integration of heterogeneous data repositories by using object-oriented views. In Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Interoperability in Multidatabase Systems (April), 22-29.
• 14: Elisa Bertino, A View Mechanism for Object-Oriented Databases, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Extending Database Technology: Advances in Database Technology, p.136-151, March 23-27, 1992
• 15: E. Bertino , R. Gagliardi , M. Negri , G. Pelagatti , L. Sbattella, The COMANDOS integration system: an object oriented approach to the interconnection of heterogeneous applications, Lecture notes in computer science on Advances in object-oriented database systems, p.213-218, September 1988, Bad Mu:9Ainster am Stein-Edernburg, Germany
• 16: E. Bertino , M. Negri , G. Pelagatti , L. Sbattella, Integration of heterogeneous database applications through and object-oriented interface, Information Systems, v.14 n.5, p.407-420, 1989 [doi>10.1016/0306-4379(89)90005-7]
• 17: BLAIR, G. S., GALLAGHER, J. J., AND MALIK, J. 1989. Genericity vs inheritance vs delegation vs conformance vs .... JOOP (Sept./Oct.), 11-17.
• 18: Yuri Breitbart , Hector Garcia-Molina , Avi Silberschatz, Overview of multidatabase transaction management, The VLDB Journal — The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases, v.1 n.2, p.181-240, October 1992 [doi>10.1007/BF01231700]
• 19: Yuri Breitbart , Dimitrios Georgakopoulos , Marek Rusinkiewicz , Abraham Silberschatz, On rigorous Transaction Scheduling, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, v.17 n.9, p.954-960, September 1991 [doi>10.1109/32.92915]
• 20: Robert Bretl , David Maier , Allen Otis , Jason Penney , Bruce Schuchardt , Jacob Stein , E. Harold Williams , Monty Williams, The Gem–Stone data management system, Object-oriented concepts, databases, and applications, ACM Press, New York, NY, 1989 [doi>10.1145/63320.66507]
• 21: M. W. Bright , A. R. Hurson , Simin H. Pakzad, A Taxonomy and Current Issues in Multidatabase Systems, Computer, v.25 n.3, p.50-60, March 1992 [doi>10.1109/2.121509]
• 22: Alejandro Buchmann , M. Tamer Özsu , Mark Hornick , Dimitrios Georgakopoulos , Frank A. Manola, A transaction model for active distributed object systems, Database transaction models for advanced applications, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, 1992
• 23: BUKHRES, O. A., ELMAGARMID, A. K., AND MULLEN, J.G. 1992. Object-oriented multidatabases: Systems and research overview. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (Baltimore, MD, Nov.), 27-34.
• 24: Omran A. Bukhres , Jiansan Chen , Weimin Du , Ahmed K. Elmagarmid , Robert Pezzoli, InterBase: An Execution Environment for Heterogeneous Software Systems, Computer, v.26 n.8, p.57-69, August 1993 [doi>10.1109/2.223544]
• 25: CASTELLANOS, M. AND SALTOR, F. 1991. Semantic enrichment of database schemas: An object-oriented approach. In Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Interoperability in Multidatabase Systems (April), 71-78.
• 26: R. G. G. Cattell , Douglas K. Barry , Dirk Bartels , Mark Berler , Jeff Eastman , Sophie Gamerman , David Jordan , Adam Springer , Henry Strickland , Drew Wade, The object database standard: ODMG 2.0, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, 1997
• 27: CHEN, J., BUKHRES, O., AND ELMAGARMID, A. K. 1993. IPL: A multidatabase transaction specification language. In Proceedings of the 1993 International Conference on Distributed Computing.
• 28: CHOMICKI, J. AND LITWIN, W. 1992. Declarative definition of object-oriented multidatabase mappings. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Distributed Object Management (Edmonton, Canada, Aug.), 307-325.
• 29: Panos K. Chrysanthis , Krithi Ramamritham, Synthesis of extended transaction models using ACTA, ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), v.19 n.3, p.450-491, Sept. 1994 [doi>10.1145/185827.185843]
• 30: Christine Collet , Michael N. Huhns , Wei-Min Shen, Resource Integration Using a Large Knowledge Base in Carnot, Computer, v.24 n.12, p.55-62, December 1991 [doi>10.1109/2.116889]
• 31: T. Connors , P. Lyngback, Providing uniform access to heterogeneous information bases, Lecture notes in computer science on Advances in object-oriented database systems, p.162-173, September 1988, Bad Mu:9Ainster am Stein-Edernburg, Germany
• 32: CZEDJO, B. AND TAYLOR, M. 1991. Integration of database systems using an object-oriented approach. In Procee&ngs of the F~rst Internatwnal Workshop on Interoperabdity ~n Multidatabase Systems (April), 30 37.
• 33: Umeshwar Dayal, Queries and views in an object-oriented data model, Proceedings of the second international workshop on Database programming languages, p.80-102, December 1989, Salishan Lodge, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, United States
• 34: U. Dayal , A. P. Buchmann , D. R. McCarthy, Rules are objects too: A knowledge model for an active, object-oriented databasesystem, Lecture notes in computer science on Advances in object-oriented database systems, p.129-143, September 1988, Bad Mu:9Ainster am Stein-Edernburg, Germany
• 35: DAYAL, U. AND HWANG, H. 1984. View definition and generalization for database integration in a multidatabase system. 1EEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 10, 6, 628-645.
• 36: DEVOR, C., ELMASRI, R., LARSON, J., RAHIMI, S., AND RICHARDSON, J. 1982. Five-schema architecture extends DBMS to distributed applications. Electron. Des. (March 18), 27 32.
• 37: W. Du , A. Elmagarmid, Quasi serializability: a correctness criterion for global concurrency control in InterBase, Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Very large data bases, p.347-355, July 1989, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
• 38: H. Duchene , M. Kaul , V. Turau, Vodak kernel data model, Lecture notes in computer science on Advances in object-oriented database systems, p.242-261, September 1988, Bad Mu:9Ainster am Stein-Edernburg, Germany
• 39: Ahmed K. Elmagarmid, Database transaction models for advanced applications, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, 1992
• 40: A. Elmagarmid , Y. Leu , W. Litwin , Marek Rusinkiewicz, A multidatabase transaction model for InterBase, Proceedings of the sixteenth international conference on Very large databases, p.507-518, September 1990, Brisbane, Australia
• 41: ELMAGARMID, A. AND Pu, C. (Eds.) 1990. Special issue on heterogenous databases. ACM Cornput. Surv. 22, 3 (Sept.).
• 42: FANG, D., HAMMER, J, AND McLEoD, D. 1992. An approach to behavior shoring in Federated database systems. In Proceedings of the Internattonal Workshop on D~stributed Object Management (Edmonton, Canada, Aug.), 66-80.
• 43: GAGLIARDI, R., CANEVE, M., AND OLDANO, G. 1990. An operational approach to the integratmn of distributed heterogeneous enwronments. In Proceedings of the PARBASE-90 Conference (Miami Beach, Fla, March), 368-377.
• 44: GALLAGHER, L. J. 1992. Object SQL: Language extensions for object data management. In Proceedzngs of the 1st Internatwnal Conference on Information and Knowledge Management.
• 45: GARCIA-SOLACO, M., CASTELLANOS, M., AND SALTER, F 1993. Discovering interdatabase resemblance of classes for interoperable databases. In Procee&ngs of the 2nd Internatwnal Workshop on Interoperabilzty in Multzdatabase Systems, 26-33.
• 46: J. Geller , Y. Perl , E. J. Neuhold, Structure and semantics in OODB class specifications, ACM SIGMOD Record, v.20 n.4, p.40-43, Dec. 1991 [doi>10.1145/141356.141373]
• 47: James Geller , Yehoshua Perl , Erich Neuhold , Amit Sheth, Structural schema integration with full and partial correspondence using the dual model, Information Systems, v.17 n.6, p.443-464, Nov. 1992 [doi>10.1016/0306-4379(92)90025-I]
• 48: GEORGAKOPOULOS, D., I-IoRNICK, M.1 AND KRYCHNIAK, P. 1993. An environment for the specification and management of extended transactions in DOMS. In Procee&ngs of the RIDE-IMS (April), 253-257.
• 49: Dimitrios Georgakopoulos , Mark F. Hornick , Piotr Krychniak , Frank Manola, Specification and Management of Extended Transactions in a Programmable Transaction Environment, Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Data Engineering, p.462-473, February 14-18, 1994
• 50: Dimitrios Georgakopoulos , Marek Rusinkiewicz , Amit P. Sheth, On Serializability of Multidatabase Transactions Through Forced Local Conflicts, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Data Engineering, p.314-323, April 08-12, 1991
• 51: Thanasis Hadzilacos , Vassos Hadzilacos, Transaction synchronisation in object bases, Journal of Computer and System Sciences, v.43 n.1, p.2-24, Aug. 1991 [doi>10.1016/0022-0000(91)90030-9]
• 52: Sandra Heiler , Stanley B. Zdonik, Object Views: Extending the Vision, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Data Engineering, p.86-93, February 05-09, 1990
• 53: Sandra Heiler , Sara Haradhvala , Stanley Zdonik , Barbara Blaustein , Arnon Rosenthal, A flexible framework for transaction management in engineering environments, Database transaction models for advanced applications, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, 1992
• 54: Maurice P. Herlihy , William E. Weihl, Hybrid concurrency control for abstract data types, Journal of Computer and System Sciences, v.43 n.1, p.25-61, Aug. 1991 [doi>10.1016/0022-0000(91)90031-Y]
• 55: HUHNS, M. N., JACOBS, N., KSmZYK, T., SHEN, W -M., SINGH, M. P., AND CANNATA, P.E. 1992. Enterprise information modehng and model integration in Carnot In Enterprise Integration Modelzng, Proceedings of the First {nternational Conference, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 290 299.
• 56: Manfred Kaul , Klaus Drosten , Erich J. Neuhold, ViewSystem: Integrating Heterogeneous Information Bases by Object-Oriented Views, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Data Engineering, p.2-10, February 05-09, 1990
• 57: KENT, W. 1993. The objects are coming! Comput. Standards Interfaces 15.
• 58: Michael Kifer , Won Kim , Yehoshua Sagiv, Querying object-oriented databases, Proceedings of the 1992 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, p.393-402, June 02-05, 1992, San Diego, California, United States
• 59: Won Kim, Introduction to object-oriented databases, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991
• 60: K~M, W. 1992. The UniSQL/M system. Personal communication, Sept.
• 61: Won Kim , Jungyun Seo, Classifying Schematic and Data Heterogeneity in Multidatabase Systems, Computer, v.24 n.12, p.12-18, December 1991 [doi>10.1109/2.116884]
• 62: Won Kim , Injun Choi , Sunit Gala , Mark Scheevel, On resolving schematic heterogeneity in multidatabase systems, Distributed and Parallel Databases, v.1 n.3, p.251-279, July 1993 [doi>10.1007/BF01263333]
• 63: Wolfgang Klas , Peter Fankhauser , Peter Muth , Thomas C. Rakow , Erich J. Neuhold, Database integration using the open object-oriented database system VODAK, Object-oriented multidatabase systems: a solution for advanced applications, Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd., Hertfordshire, UK, 1995
• 64: Ravi Krishnamurthy , Witold Litwin , William Kent, Language features for interoperability of databases with schematic discrepancies, Proceedings of the 1991 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, p.40-49, May 29-31, 1991, Denver, Colorado, United States
• 65: KULKARNI, K.G. 1993. Object orientation and the SQL standard. Comput. Standards Interfaces 15, 287-301.
• 66: Krishna G. Kulkarni, Object-oriented extensions in SQL3: a status report, Proceedings of the 1994 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, p.478, May 24-27, 1994, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
• 67: J. A. Larson , S. B. Navathe , R. Elmasri, A Theory of Attributed Equivalence in Databases with Application to Schema Integration, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, v.15 n.4, p.449-463, April 1989 [doi>10.1109/32.16605]
• 68: LI, Q. AND McLEoD, D. 1991. An object-oriented approach to federated databases. In Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Interoperabil~ty in Multldatabase Systems (April), 64-70.
• 69: Henry Lieberman, Using prototypical objects to implement shared behavior in object-oriented systems, Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications, p.214-223, September 29-October 02, 1986, Portland, Oregon, United States
• 70: Barbara Liskov, Distributed programming in Argus, Communications of the ACM, v.31 n.3, p.300-312, March 1988 [doi>10.1145/42392.42399]
• 71: LISKOV, B., DAY, M., AND SHIRA, L. 1992. Distributed object management in Thor. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Distributed Object Management (Edmonton, Canada, Aug.), 1-15.
• 72: Witold Litwin , Leo Mark , Nick Roussopoulos, Interoperability of multiple autonomous databases, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), v.22 n.3, p.267-293, Sept. 1990 [doi>10.1145/96602.96608]
• 73: M. V. Mannino , S. B. Navathe , W. Effelsberg, A rule-based approach for merging generalization hierarchies, Information Systems, v.13 n.3, p.257-272, May 1, 1988 [doi>10.1016/0306-4379(88)90038-5]
• 74: MANOLA, F. AND HEILER, S. 1992. An approach to interoperable object models. In Proceedings of the Internatwnal Workshop on Distributed Object Management (Edmonton, Canada, Aug.), 326-330.
• 75: MANOLA, F., SELLER, S., GEORGAKOPOULOS, D., HORNICK, M., AND BRODIE, M. 1992. Distributed object management. Int. J. Intell. Cooperative Info. Syst. 1, 1 (June).
• 76: A. Motro, Superviews: virtual integration of multiple databases, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, v.13 n.7, p.785-798, July 1987 [doi>10.1109/TSE.1987.233490]
• 77: James G. Mullen, FBASE: a federated objectbase system, Computer Systems Science and Engineering, v.7 n.2, p.91-99, April 1992
• 78: James G. Mullen , Ahmed K. Elmagarmid, InterSQL: A Multidatabase Transaction Programming Language, Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Database Programming Languages - Object Models and Languages, p.399-416, August 30-September 01, 1993
• 79: MULLEN, J. G., KIM, W., AND SHARIF-ASKARY, J. 1992. On the impossibility of atomic commitment in multidatabase systems. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on System Integration (Morristown, N.J.).
• 80: NAVATHE, S., SAVASERE, A., ANWAR, T., BECK, H., AND GALA, S. 1994. Object modeling using classification in CANDIDE and its application. In Advances ~n Object-Oriented Database Systems, Springer Veriag, New York.
• 81: John R. Nicol , C. Thomas Wilkes , Frank A. Manola, Object orientation in heterogeneous distributed computing systems, Computer, v.26 n.6, p.57-67, June 1993 [doi>10.1109/2.214434]
• 82: OBJECT MANAGEMENT GROUP. 1991. The common object request broker: Architecture and specification. OMG Dec. 91.12.1, Dec.
• 83: OBJECT MANAGEMENT GROUP. 1992. Object management architecture guide. OMG Doc. 92.11.1, Sept.
• 84: M. Tamer Ozsu , P. Valduriez, Principles of distributed database systems, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1991
• 85: Christos Papadimitriou, The theory of database concurrency control, Computer Science Press, Inc., New York, NY, 1986
• 86: M. P. Papazoglou , L. Marinos, An object-oriented approach to distributed data management, Journal of Systems and Software, v.11 n.2, p.95-109, Feb. 1990 [doi>10.1016/0164-1212(90)90055-Q]
• 87: Girish Pathak , Bill Stackhouse , Sandra Heiler, EIS/XAIT project: An object-based interoperability framework for heterogeneous systems, Computer Standards & Interfaces, v.13 n.1-3, p.315-319, Oct. 1991 [doi>10.1016/0920-5489(91)90040-7]
• 88: C. H. Pedersen, Extending ordinary inheritance schemes to include generalization, Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications, p.407-417, October 02-06, 1989, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
• 89: E. Pitoura, Extending an object-oriented programming language to support the integration of heterogeneous database systems, Proceedings of the 28th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'95), p.707, January 04-07, 1995
• 90: Rajendra K. Raj , Ewan Tempero , Henry M. Levy , Andrew P. Black , Norman C. Hutchinson , Eric Jul, Emerald: a general-purpose programming language, Software—Practice & Experience, v.21 n.1, p.91-118, Jan. 1991 [doi>10.1002/spe.4380210107]
• 91: RAMAMRITHAM, K. AND CHRYSANTIS, P.K. 1992. In search of acceptability criteria: Database consistency requirements and transaction correctness properties. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Distributed Object Management (Edmonton, Canada, Aug.), 120-140.
• 92: Marek Rusinkiewicz , Amit Sheth, Polytransactions for managing interdependent data, Data Engineering, v.14 n.1, p.44-48, March 1991
• 93: F. Saltor , M. Castellanos , M. García-Solaco, Suitability of datamodels as canonical models for federated databases, ACM SIGMOD Record, v.20 n.4, p.44-48, Dec. 1991 [doi>10.1145/141356.141377]
• 94: SAVASERE, A., SHETH, A., GALA, G, NAVATHE, S., AND MARKUS, H. 1991. On applying classification to schema integration. In Proceedings of the F~rst International Workshop on Interoperability ~n Mult~database Systems (April), 258-261.
• 95: SCHALLER, T., BUKHRES, O. A., CHEN, J., AND ELMAGARMID, A. K. 1993. A taxonomic and analytical survey of multidatabase systems. Tech. Rep. CSD-TR-93-040, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Ind.
• 96: Marc H. Scholl , Hans-Jörg Schek, A relational object model, Proceedings of the third international conference on database theory on Database theory, p.89-105, November 1990, Paris, France
• 97: SCHOLL, M. H., SCHEK, H. J., AND TRESCH, M. 1992. Object algebra and views for multiobjectbases. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Distributed Object Management (Edmonton, Canada, Aug.), 336-359.
• 98: Michael Schrefl , Erich J. Neuhold, Object Class Definition by Generalization Using Upward Inheritance, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Data Engineering, p.4-13, February 01-05, 1988
• 99: Peter M. Schwarz , Alfred Z. Spector, Synchronizing shared abstract types, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS), v.2 n.3, p.223-250, Aug. 1984 [doi>10.1145/989.1188]
• 100: SHETH, A. P., GALA, S. K., AND NAVATHE, S. B. 1993. On automatic reasoning for schema integration. Int. J. Intell. Cooperative Inf. Syst. 2, 1 (March).
• 101: Amit P. Sheth , James A. Larson, Federated database systems for managing distributed, heterogeneous, and autonomous databases, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), v.22 n.3, p.183-236, Sept. 1990 [doi>10.1145/96602.96604]
• 102: Amit P. Sheth , James A. Larson , Aloysius Cornelio , Shamkant B. Navathe, A Tool for Integrating Conceptual Schemas and User Views, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Data Engineering, p.176-183, February 01-05, 1988
• 103: Andrea H. Skarra, Localized correctness specifications for cooperating transactions in an object-oriented database, Office Knowledge Engineering, v.4 n.1, p.79-106, Feb. 1991
• 104: Andrea H. Skarra , Stanley B. Zdonik, Concurrency control and object-oriented databases, Object-oriented concepts, databases, and applications, ACM Press, New York, NY, 1989 [doi>10.1145/63320.66511]
• 105: Alan Snyder, Encapsulation and inheritance in object-oriented programming languages, Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications, p.38-45, September 29-October 02, 1986, Portland, Oregon, United States
• 106: SOLEY, R. M. 1992. Using object technology to integrate distributed applications. In Enterprise Integration Modeling, Proceedings of the First International Conference, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 446-454.
• 107: Lynn Andrea Stein, Delegation is inheritance, Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications, p.138-146, October 04-08, 1987, Orlando, Florida, United States
• 108: TAYLOR, C.J. 1992. A status report on open distributed processing. First Class (Object Manage. Group Newsl.) 2, 2 (June/July), 11-13.
• 109: Gomer Thomas , Glenn R. Thompson , Chin-Wan Chung , Edward Barkmeyer , Fred Carter , Marjorie Templeton , Stephen Fox , Berl Hartman, Heterogeneous distributed database systems for production use, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), v.22 n.3, p.237-266, Sept. 1990 [doi>10.1145/96602.96607]
• 110: TOMLINSON, C., LAVENDER, G., MEREDITH, G., WOELK, D., AND CANNATA, P. 1992. The Carnot extensible service switch (EES)--Support for service execution. In Enterprise Integration Modehng, Procee&ngs of the First International Conference MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 493-502.
• 111: TSICHRITZIS, D. AND KLUG, A. 1978. The ANSI/X3/SPARC DBMS framework Inf. Syst. 3, 4.
• 112: David Ungar , Randall B. Smith, Self: The power of simplicity, Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications, p.227-242, October 04-08, 1987, Orlando, Florida, United States
• 113: Peter Wegner, Dimensions of object-based language design, Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications, p.168-182, October 04-08, 1987, Orlando, Florida, United States
• 114: W. E. Weihl, Commutativity-Based Concurrency Control for Abstract Data Types, IEEE Transactions on Computers, v.37 n.12, p.1488-1505, December 1988 [doi>10.1109/12.9728]
• 115: W. E. Weihl, Local atomicity properties: modular concurrency control for abstract data types, ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), v.11 n.2, p.249-282, April 1989 [doi>10.1145/63264.63518]
• 116: Gerhard Weikum, Principles and realization strategies of multilevel transaction management, ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), v.16 n.1, p.132-180, March 1991 [doi>10.1145/103140.103145]
• 117: WOELK, D., SHEN, W.-M., HUHNS, M., AND CANNATA, P. 1992. Model driven enterprise information in Carnot. In Enterprise Integration Modeling, Proceedings of the First International Conference, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 301-309.
• 118: Darrell Woelk , Phil Cannata , Michael Huhns , Wei-Min Shen , Christine Tomlinson, Using Carnot for enterprise information integration, Proceedings of the second international conference on Parallel and distributed information systems, p.133-137, January 1993, San Diego, California, United States
• 119: Aidong Zhang , Ahmed K. Elmagarmid, A theory of global concurrency control in multidatabase systems, The VLDB Journal — The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases, v.2 n.3, July 1993
• 120: ZHANG, A. AND PITOURA, E. 1993. A view-based approach to relaxing global serializability in multidatabase systems. Tech. Rep. CSD-TR-93- 082, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Ind.

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  H. Information Systems
  H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
      H.2.4 Systems
          Subjects: Distributed databases

Additional Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
      C.2.4 Distributed Systems
          Subjects: Distributed applications; Distributed databases

  D. Software
  D.1 PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES

  H. Information Systems
  H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
      H.2.1 Logical Design
          Subjects: Data models
      H.2.5 Heterogeneous Databases
          Subjects: Data translation**; Program translation**

General Terms:
Design, Management, Standardization

Keywords:
distributed objects, federated databases, integration, multidatabases, views