A mark-based interaction paradigm for free-hand drawing

ABSTRACT

We propose an interaction technique for editing splines that is aimed at professional graphic designers. These users do not take full advantage of existing spline editing software because their mental representations of drawings do not match the underlying conceptual model of the software. Although editing splines by specifying control points and tangents may be appropriate for engineers, graphic designers think more in terms of strokes, shapes, and gestures appropriate for editing drawings. Our interaction technique matches the latter model: curves can be edited by means of marks, similar to the way strokes are naturally overloaded when drawing on paper. We describe this interaction technique and the algorithms used for its implementation.

REFERENCES

• 1: Michael Banks , Elaine Cohen, Real time spline curves from interactively sketched data, ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, v.24 n.2, p.99-107, Mar. 1990
• 2: Brian Andrew Barsky, The beta-spline: a local representation based on shape parameters and fundamental geometric measures, 1981
• 3: Richard H. Bartels , John C. Beatty , Kellogg S. Booth , Eric G. Bosch , Pierre Jolicoeur, Experimental comparison of splines using the shape-matching paradigm, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.12 n.3, p.179-208, July 1993 [doi>10.1145/169711.169709]
• 4: Thomas Baudel , Michel Beaudouin-Lafon, Charade: remote control of objects using free-hand gestures, Communications of the ACM, v.36 n.7, p.28-35, July 1993 [doi>10.1145/159544.159562]
• 5: B~zier, P., Emploi des Machines d Commande Numgrique. 1970, Paris: Masson.
• 6: Eric A. Bier , Maureen C. Stone , Ken Pier , William Buxton , Tony D. DeRose, Toolglass and magic lenses: the see-through interface, Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.73-80, September 1993 [doi>10.1145/166117.166126]
• 7: Eric A. Bier , Maureen C. Stone , Ken Fishkin , William Buxton , Thomas Baudel, A taxonomy of see-through tools, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: celebrating interdependence, p.358-364, April 24-28, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts, United States [doi>10.1145/191666.191786]
• 8: Robert M. Carr, The point of the pen, BYTE, v.16 n.2, p.211-ff., Feb. 1991
• 9: Fekete, J.-D., Tic-tac-toon reference manual. Images 2001 SA, Antony, France. 1994.
• 10: Barry Fowler , Richard Bartels, Constraint-Based Curve Manipulation, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, v.13 n.5, p.43-49, September 1993 [doi>10.1109/38.232098]
• 11: Gordon Kurtenbach , Bill Buxton, GEdit: a test bed for editing by contiguous gestures, ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, v.23 n.2, p.22-26, April 1991 [doi>10.1145/122488.122490]
• 12: P. Morrel-Samuels, Clarifying the distinction between lexical and gestural commands, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, v.32 n.5, p.581-590, May 1990 [doi>10.1016/S0020-7373(05)80034-3]
• 13: Pudet, T., Real Time Fitting of Pressure Brushstrokes. research report 29, Paris Research Laboratory, Digital Equipment Corporation. 1993.
• 14: Richard Franklin Riesenfeld, Applications of b-spline approximation to geometric problems of computer-aided design., 1973
• 15: Dean Harris Rubine, The automatic recognition of gestures, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 1992
• 16: Philip J. Schneider, An algorithm for automatically fitting digitized curves, Graphics gems, Academic Press Professional, Inc., San Diego, CA, 1990

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  H. Information Systems
  H.5 INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (I.7)
      H.5.2 User Interfaces (D.2.2, H.1.2, I.3.6)
          Subjects: Interaction styles (e.g., commands, menus, forms, direct manipulation)

Additional Classification:
  I. Computing Methodologies
  I.3 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
      I.3.4 Graphics Utilities
          Subjects: Graphics editors
      I.3.5 Computational Geometry and Object Modeling
          Subjects: Curve, surface, solid, and object representations

  J. Computer Applications
  J.6 COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING
      Subjects: Computer-aided design (CAD)

General Terms:
Algorithms, Design

Keywords:
CAD, gestures, graphic design, interaction models, mark-based interaction, spline editing