The technology of expert systems: some social impacts

ABSTRACT

The technology of computer has been applied to the automation of office tasks and procedures. The technology of expert systems make available a new methodology for automating knowledge-oriented processes. The development of expert systems raises a number of issues for the organizations. This paper presents a descriptive model regarding some potential impacts of expert systems on the organizations. The article points out the need, when implementing expert systems, to take a broader perspective of their potential effects on the organization. Moreover, the article puts forward some suggestions for a successful introduction of expert systems technology. The paper also indicates some avenues for further research on this matter.

REFERENCES

• 1: Alty, J. L., and Coombs, M. J. Expert Systems Concepts and Examples, NCC Pub. England, 1983.
• 2: R. Agarwal , M. R. Tanniru, Knowledge acquisition using structured interviewing: an empirical investigation, Journal of Management Information Systems, v.7 n.1, p.123-140, Summer 1990
• 3: Anthony, R. N. Planning and Control Systems: A Framework for Analysis, Harvard University Press, 1965.
• 4: Beulens, A. M. and Nunen, V. E. "The use of expert system technology in DSS", Decision Support Systems (1988), No. 4, pp. 421-431.
• 5: Eugene Charniak , Drew McDermott, Introduction to artificial intelligence, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, 1985
• 6: Clancey, W. J. "Tutoring rules for guiding a case method dialogue", International Journal of Man-Machine , 11, 1979.
• 7: Dale, R. "An introduction to artificial intelligence", In Arms and Artificial Intelligence, by Allan, M.D, Oxford University Press, N.Y., 1987.
• 8: Ken Eason, Information Technology and Organizational Change, Taylor & Francis, Inc., Bristol, PA, 1989
• 9: Feigenbaum, E. A., and McCordouck, P. The Fifth Generation, Pan books, U.K., 1984.
• 10: Richard A Frost, Introduction to knowledge base systems, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., Indianapolis, IN, 1986
• 11: William B. Gevarter, Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, Computer Vision, and Natural Language Processing, Noyes Data Corporation/Noyes Publications, 1984
• 12: Gill, K. S. "Expert systems and knowledge transfer", In Expert Systems in Production and Services, eds., T. Bernold and U. Hillenkamp, N. H., Netherlands, 1988, pp. 199-213.
• 13: Frederick Hayes-Roth , Donald A. Waterman , Douglas B. Lenat, Building expert systems, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, 1983
• 14: Paul Harmon , David King, Expert Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1985
• 15: Jay Liebowitz, Possible impacts of artificial intelligence, Information Age, v.11 n.3, p.155-159, July 1989
• 16: K. E. Kendall , J. E. Kendall, Systems analysis and design, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1988
• 17: Pamela McCorduck, Artificial intelligence: an aperc¸u, The artificial intelligence debate: false starts, real foundations, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989
• 18: Michalski, R. S., Carbonell J. G., Mitchell J. G. Machine Learning, An Artificial Intelligence Approach, Tioga Pub. Comp., U.S.A., 1983.
• 19: Enid Mumford , W. Bruce MacDonald, XSEL'S progress: the continuing journey of an expert system, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1989
• 20: Newell, A. "Artificial intelligence-where are we?" by D. G. Bobrow and P. J. Hayes, In response to question 2 in a questionnaire, Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 25, 1985, p. 385.
• 21: Oakley, B. W. "Impact of expert systems: Critical social issues", In Expert Systems in Production and Services, eds. Bernold T. H. & Hillenkamp U., N.H, 1988, pp. 145-148.
• 22: Tim O'Shea , John Self, Learning and Teaching with Computers: The Artificial Intelligence Revolution, Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference, 1986
• 23: Rauch-Hindin, W. B. "Artificial intelligence in business, science, and industry", Vol. 1: Fundamentals, Prentice-Hall, U.S.A., 1986.
• 24: Elaine Rich, Artificial intelligence, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY, 1983
• 25: Sagheb-Tehrani, M. "Expert systems development: Some problems and motives", Univ. of Lund, Dep. of Inf. & Comp. Science, Master Thesis, Feb. 1990.
• 26: Sagheb-Tehrani, M. "Knowledge elicitation: Some issues for further research and practice", In Proceedings of 3rd Int. Conf. on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, SEKE'91, KSI, Skokie, IL, USA, pp. 57-63, 1991.
• 27: Roger C. Schank, What is AI, anyway?, AI Magazine, v.8 n.4, p.58-65, Winter 1987
• 28: Pete Schefe, Impacts of expert systems on working life—an assessment, AI & Society, v.4 n.3, p.183-195, Jul./Sep. 1990 [doi>10.1007/BF01889939]
• 29: Peter S. Sell, Expert systems—a practical introduction, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1985
• 30: Shortliffe, E. H, Axline, S. G, Buchanan, B. G, Merigan, T. C, and Cohen, S. N. "An artificial intelligence program to advice physiciancs regarding antimicrobial therapy", Computers and Biomedical Research, Vol. 6, 1973, pp. 544-560.
• 31: Toffler, A. The Third Wave, London:Collins, 1980.
• 32: Donald A. Waterman, A guide to expert systems, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, 1985
• 33: Sholom M. Weiss , Casimir A. Kulikowski, A practical guide to designing expert systems, Rowman & Littlefield, Totowa, NJ, 1984
• 34: R. R. Weitz, Technology, work, and the organization: the impact of expert systems, AI Magazine, v.11 n.2, p.50-60, Summer 1990
• 35: Wiig, K. M. "Commercial applications", In Expert Systems in Production and Services, eds. Bernold T & Hillenkamp U, N.H, 1988.
• 36: Masoud Yazdani, Artificial intelligence and education: a critical overview, Artificial intelligence for society, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1986
• 37: Liang Thow-Yick , Ta Huu-Phuong, Management expert systems for competitive advantage in business, Information and Management, v.18 n.4, p.195-201, April 1990 [doi>10.1016/0378-7206(90)90040-O]
• 38: Zuboff, S. "New worlds of computer-mediated work", Harvard Business Review, Vol. 60, No. 5, 1982, pp. 142- 152.

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  K. Computing Milieux
  K.4 COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY

Additional Classification:
  I. Computing Methodologies
  I.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

General Terms:
Theory