Take a look at the new version of this page: [ beta version ]. Tell us what you think.

ABSTRACT

We describe the design, deployment, and experience with a wireless sensor network for high-fidelity monitoring of electrical usage in buildings. A network of 38 mote-class AC meters, 6 light sensors, and 1 vibration sensor is used to determine and audit the energy envelope of an active laboratory. Classic WSN issues of coverage, aggregation, sampling, and inference are shown to appear in a novel form in this context. The fundamental structuring principle is the underlying load tree, and a variety of techniques are described to disambiguate loads within this structure. Utilizing contextual metadata, this information is recomposed in terms of its spatial, functional, and individual projections. This suggests a path to broad use of WSN technology in energy and environmental domains.

REFERENCES

• 1: Arch Rock, http://www.archrock.com/.
• 2: Google PowerMeter. http://www.google.org/powermeter/.
• 3: Green Box. http://www.getgreenbox.com/.
• 4: Green Hub. http://www.energyhub.net/.
• 5: Microsoft Hohm. http://www.microsoft-hohm.com/.
• 6: Sentilla. http://www.sentilla.com/.
• 7: Tendril, http://www.tendrilinc.com/.
• 8: M. Baranski and J. Voss. Genetic algorithm for pattern detection in nialm systems. In Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2004.
• 9: C. Beckmann, S. Consolvo, and A. Lamarca. Some assembly required: Supporting end-user sensor installation in domestic ubiquitous computing environments, pages 107--124. 2004.
• 10: Marshini Chetty , David Tran , Rebecca E. Grinter, Getting to green: understanding resource consumption in the home, Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Ubiquitous computing, September 21-24, 2008, Seoul, Korea [doi>10.1145/1409635.1409668]
• 11: J. Dobson and J. Griffin. Conservation effect of immediate electricity cost, feedback on residential consumption behavior. Proceedings of the 7th ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, 1992.
• 12: Prabal Dutta , Jay Taneja , Jaein Jeong , Xiaofan Jiang , David Culler, A building block approach to sensornet systems, Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems, November 05-07, 2008, Raleigh, NC, USA [doi>10.1145/1460412.1460439]
• 13: EnviProt. Auto Shutdown Manager, 2009. http://www.enviprot.com/.
• 14: L. Farinaccio and R. Zmeureanu. Using a pattern recognition approach to disaggregate the total electricity consumption in a house into the major end-uses. Energy and Buildings, 30(3), p. 245--259, 1999.
• 15: G. Hart. Nonintrusive appliance load monitoring. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1992.
• 16: Xiaofan Jiang , Stephen Dawson-Haggerty , Prabal Dutta , David Culler, Design and implementation of a high-fidelity AC metering network, Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, p.253-264, April 13-16, 2009
• 17: Y. Kim, Z. M. Charbiwala, A. Singhania, T. Schmid, and M. B. Srivastava. Spotlight: Personal natural resource consumption profiler. HotEmNets 2008, 2008.
• 18: Younghun Kim , Thomas Schmid , Zainul M. Charbiwala , Mani B. Srivastava, ViridiScope: design and implementation of a fine grained power monitoring system for homes, Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Ubiquitous computing, September 30-October 03, 2009, Orlando, Florida, USA [doi>10.1145/1620545.1620582]
• 19: C. Laughman, K. Lee, R. Cox, S. Shaw, S. Leeb, L. Norford, and P. Armstrong. Power signature analysis. IEEE Power&Energy Magazine, 2003.
• 20: K. D. Lee. Electric load information system based on non-intrusive power monitoring. PhD Thesis, MIT, 2003.
• 21: S. B. Leeb, S. R. Shaw, and J. R. K. Jr. Transient event detection in spectral envelope estimates for nonintrusive load monitoring. IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, 10(3):12001210, 1995.
• 22: Joshua Lifton , Mark Feldmeier , Yasuhiro Ono , Cameron Lewis , Joseph A. Paradiso, A platform for ubiquitous sensor deployment in occupational and domestic environments, Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks, April 25-27, 2007, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA [doi>10.1145/1236360.1236377]
• 23: G. Montenegro, N. Kushalnagar, J. Hui, and D. Culler. Transmission of ipv6 packets over ieee 802.15.4 networks. 2007.
• 24: S. N. Patel, T. Robertson, J. A. Kientz, M. S. Reynolds, and G. D. Abowd. At the flick of a switch: Detecting and classifying unique electrical events on the residential power line. 9th international conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp 2007), 2007.
• 25: Joseph Polastre , Robert Szewczyk , David Culler, Telos: enabling ultra-low power wireless research, Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks, April 24-27, 2005, Los Angeles, California
• 26: A. Prudenzi. A neuron nets based procedure for identifying domestic appliances pattern-of-use from energy recordings at meter panel. In Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2002.
• 27: P. Stern. What psychology knows about energy conservation. American Psychologist, 1992.
• 28: U.S. DOE. Buildings Energy Data Book, 2008. http://buildingsdatabook.eere.energy.gov/.
• 29: U.S. DOE Energy Information Administration. Commercial buildings energy consumption survey, 2003. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/.

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  H. Information Systems
  H.4 INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS

Additional Classification:
  B. Hardware
  B.4 INPUT/OUTPUT AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS

General Terms:
Design, Experimentation, Human Factors, Measurement, Performance

Keywords:
audit, building, energy, power, sensor networks, wireless