|
ABSTRACT
Embedded systems such as smart cards or sensors are now widespread, but are often closed systems, only accessed via dedicated terminals. A new trend consists in embedding Web servers in small devices, making both access and application development easier. In this paper, we propose a TCP performance model in the context of embedded Web servers, and we introduce a taxonomy of the contents possibly served by Web applications. The main idea of this paper is to adapt the communication stack behavior to application contents properties. We propose a strategies set fitting with each type of content. The model allows to evaluate the benefits of our strategies in terms of time and memory charge. By implementing a real use case on a smart card, we measure the benefits of our proposals and validate our model. Our prototype, called Smews, makes a gap with state of the art solutions both in terms of performance and memory charge.
REFERENCES
Note: OCR errors may be found in this Reference List extracted from the full text article. ACM has opted to expose the complete List rather than only correct and linked references.
| |
1
|
I. Agranat. Engineering web technologies for embedded applications. Internet Computing, IEEE, 2(3):40--45, May-June 1998.
|
| |
2
|
E. Altman, K. Avrachenkov, and C. Barakat. A stochastic model of tcp/ip with stationary random losses. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 13(2):356--369, 2005.
|
| |
3
|
R. Braden. Rfc 1122: Requirements for internet hosts - communication layers, 1989.
|
| |
4
|
G. H. Cooper. Tinytcp, 2002. http://www.csonline.net/bpaddock/tinytcp/.
|
| |
5
|
M. Domingues. A simple architecture for embedded web servers. ICCA'03, 2003.
|
| |
6
|
A. Dunkels. Full tcp/ip for 8-bit architectures. In MobiSys '03: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services, pages 85--98, New York, NY, USA, 2003. ACM Press.
|
| |
7
|
A. Dunkels. The proof-of-concept miniweb tcp/ip stack, 2005. http://www.sics.se/~adam/miniweb/.
|
| |
8
|
A. Dunkels, O. Schmidt, T. Voigt, and M. Ali. Protothreads: simplifying event-driven programming of memory-constrained embedded systems. In Proc. of SenSys '06, pages 29--42, New York, NY, USA, 2006. ACM Press.
|
| |
9
|
S. Duquennoy, G. Grimaud, and J.-J. Vandewalle. The web of things: interconnecting devices with high usability and performance. In 6th International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems (ICESS'09), HangZhou, Zhejiang, China, May 2009.
|
| |
10
|
R. Fielding, J. Gettys, J. Mogul, H. Frystyk, L. Masinter, P. Leach, and T. Berners-Lee. Hypertext transfer protocol -- http/1.1, 1999.
|
| |
11
|
S. Floyd. Rfc 2582: The newreno modification to tcp's fast recovery algorithm, 1999.
|
| |
12
|
J. J. Garrett. Ajax: A new approach to web applications. Adaptivepath, 2005.
|
| |
13
|
D. Guinard and V. Trifa. Towards the web of things: Web mashups for embedded devices. In Workshop on Mashups, Enterprise Mashups and Lightweight Composition on the Web (MEM 2009), in proceedings of WWW (International World Wide Web Conferences), Madrid, Spain, Apr. 2009.
|
| |
14
|
D. Guinard, V. Trifa, T. Pham, and O. Liechti. Towards physical mashups in the web of things. In Proceedings of INSS 2009 (IEEE Sixth International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems), Pittsburgh, USA, June 2009.
|
| |
15
|
G.-j. Han, H. Zhao, J.-d. Wang, T. Lin, and J.-y. Wang. Webit: a minimum and efficient internet server for non-pc devices. In Global Telecommunications Conference, 2003. GLOBECOM '03. IEEE, volume 5, pages 2928--2931 vol.5, 2003.
|
| |
16
|
H.-T. Ju, M.-J. Choi, and J. W. Hong. An efficient and lightweight embedded web server for web-based network element management. Int. J. Netw. Manag., 10(5):261--275, 2000.
|
| |
17
|
M. F. Kaashoek, D. R. Engler, G. R. Ganger, H. M. Briceno, R. Hunt, D. Mazieres, T. Pinckney, R. Grimm, J. Jannotti, and K. Mackenzie. Application performance and flexibility on exokernel systems. In Proc. of SOSP '97, pages 52--65, New York, NY, USA, 1997. ACM Press.
|
| |
18
|
T. V. Lakshman and U. Madhow. The performance of tcp/ip for networks with high bandwidth-delay products and random loss. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 5(3):336--350, 1997.
|
| |
19
|
T. Lin, H. Zhao, J. Wang, G. Han, and J. Wang. An embedded web server for equipments. ispan, 00:345, 2004.
|
| |
20
|
X. Liu, Y. Hui, W. Sun, and H. Liang. Towards service composition based on mashup. volume 0, pages 332--339, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, 2007. IEEE Computer Society.
|
| |
21
|
M. Mathis, J. Semke, and J. Mahdavi. The macroscopic behavior of the tcp congestion avoidance algorithm. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., 27(3):67--82, 1997.
|
| |
22
|
OMA. Smartcard-web-server, 2008.
|
| |
23
|
J. Padhye, V. Firoiu, and D. Towsley. A stochastic model of tcp reno congestion avoidence and control. Technical report, Amherst, MA, USA, 1999.
|
| |
24
|
J. Padhye, V. Firoiu, D. F. Towsley, and J. F. Kurose. Modeling tcp reno performance: a simple model and its empirical validation. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 8(2):133--145, 2000.
|
| |
25
|
N. B. Priyantha, A. Kansal, M. Goraczko, and F. Zhao. Tiny web services: design and implementation of interoperable and evolvable sensor networks. In T. F. Abdelzaher, M. Martonosi, and A. Wolisz, editors, SenSys, pages 253--266. ACM, 2008.
|
| |
26
|
J. Riihijarvi, P. Mahonen, M. Saaranen, J. Roivainen, and J.-P. Soininen. Providing network connectivity for small appliances: a functionally minimized embedded web server. Communications Magazine, IEEE, 39(10):74--79, Oct. 2001.
|
| |
27
|
S. Shon. Protocol implementations for web based control systems. International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems, 3:122--129, March 2005.
|
| |
28
|
H. Shrikumar. Ipic - a match head sized webserver., 2002.
|
| |
29
|
W. Stevens. Rfc 2001: Tcp slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, and fast recovery algorithms, 1997.
|
| |
30
|
V. Stirbu. Towards a restful plug and play experience in the web of things. In ICSC '08: Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing, pages 512--517, Washington, DC, USA, 2008. IEEE Computer Society.
|
|