Take a look at the new version of this page: [ beta version ]. Tell us what you think.

ABSTRACT

An effective way for reducing CPU power consumption is to reduce its operating frequency. But this slows down program execution, which may violate the real-time requirements of video playback. What is worse, it is difficult to predict future decoding times, and unduly conservative policies may miss viable opportunities to reduce the CPU frequency. The effectiveness of such power-saving techniques is thus dependent on an ability to estimate future demands on the CPU. We present the design, implementation and evaluation of a dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) scheme for portable media players. We measured decoding times on real videos and extracted a precise relationship between frame size and decoding time using logarithmic regression. Based on this model, we propose a frequency selection algorithm which accepts some deadline misses, and selects the frequencies required to achieve a specified deadline miss ratio. We implemented this scheme in MPlayer running on the Linux 2.6. Experimental results show that its system-wide energy consumption is up to 17% less than conventional DVS schemes and up to 24% less than non-DVS schemes.

REFERENCES

• 1: Hakan Aydi , Pedro Mejía-Alvarez , Daniel Mossé , Rami Melhem, Dynamic and Aggressive Scheduling Techniques for Power-Aware Real-Time Systems, Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium, p.95, December 03-06, 2001
• 2: S. Chatterjee, A. Hadi, and B. Price. Regression Analysis by Example, The 3rd Edition. Wiley Series Probability and Statistics, New York, 2000.
• 3: Kihwan Choi , Karthik Dantu , Wei-Chung Cheng , Massoud Pedram, Frame-based dynamic voltage and frequency scaling for a MPEG decoder, Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design, p.732-737, November 10-14, 2002, San Jose, California [doi>10.1145/774572.774680]
• 4: Krisztián Flautner , Trevor Mudge, Vertigo: automatic performance-setting for Linux, Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation

  Due to copyright restrictions we are not able to make the PDFs for this conference available for downloading

  , December 09-11, 2002, Boston, Massachusetts [doi>10.1145/1060289.1060300]
• 5: M. Fleischmann. Longrun power management - dynamic power management for crusoe processors. Technical report, Transmeta, 2001.
• 6: Yan Gu , Samarjit Chakraborty, A Hybrid DVS Scheme for Interactive 3D Games, Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium, p.3-12, April 22-24, 2008 [doi>10.1109/RTAS.2008.33]
• 7: Yicheng Huang , Samarjit Chakraborty , Ye Wang, Using offline bitstream analysis for power-aware video decoding in portable devices, Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia, November 06-11, 2005, Hilton, Singapore [doi>10.1145/1101149.1101209]
• 8: Chaeseok Im , Soonhoi Ha, Dynamic voltage scaling for real-time multi-task scheduling using buffers, Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems, June 11-13, 2004, Washington, DC, USA
• 9: Xiaotao Liu , Prashant Shenoy , Mark D. Corner, Chameleon: Application-Level Power Management, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, v.7 n.8, p.995-1010, August 2008 [doi>10.1109/TMC.2007.70767]
• 10: M. Marinoni and G. Buttazzo. Elastic DVS management in processors with discrete voltage/frequency modes. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 3(1):51--62, Feb. 2007.
• 11: Padmanabhan Pillai , Kang G. Shin, Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems, Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles, October 21-24, 2001, Banff, Alberta, Canada
• 12: Euiseong Seo , Seonyeong Park , Jinsoo Kim , Joonwon Lee, TSB: A DVS algorithm with quick response for general purpose operating systems, Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal, v.54 n.1-2, p.1-14, January, 2008 [doi>10.1016/j.sysarc.2007.03.006]
• 13: Richard Urunuela , Gilles Muller , Julia L. Lawall, Energy adaptation for multimedia information kiosks, Proceedings of the 6th ACM & IEEE International conference on Embedded software, October 22-25, 2006, Seoul, Korea [doi>10.1145/1176887.1176920]
• 14: H. Vin , P. Goyal , A. Goyal, A statistical admission control algorithm for multimedia servers, Proceedings of the second ACM international conference on Multimedia, p.33-40, October 15-20, 1994, San Francisco, California, United States [doi>10.1145/192593.192616]
• 15: Mark Weiser , Brent Welch , Alan Demers , Scott Shenker, Scheduling for reduced CPU energy, Proceedings of the 1st USENIX conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, p.2-es, November 14-17, 1994, Monterey, California
• 16: Duminda Wijesekera , Jaideep Srivastava , Anil Nerode , Mark Forrsti, Experimental evaluation of loss perception in continuous media, Multimedia Systems, v.7 n.6, p.486-499, Nov. 1999 [doi>10.1007/s005300050149]
• 17: Qiang Wu , Philo Juang , Margaret Martonosi , Douglas W. Clark, Formal online methods for voltage/frequency control in multiple clock domain microprocessors, Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems, October 07-13, 2004, Boston, MA, USA
• 18: Wanghong Yuan , Klara Nahrstedt, Practical voltage scaling for mobile multimedia devices, Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia, October 10-16, 2004, New York, NY, USA [doi>10.1145/1027527.1027737]
• 19: Wanghong Yuan , Klara Nahrstedt, Energy-efficient CPU scheduling for multimedia applications, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS), v.24 n.3, p.292-331, August 2006 [doi>10.1145/1151690.1151693]
• 20: Wanghong Yuan , Klara Nahrstedt , Sarita V. Adve , Douglas L. Jones , Robin H. Kravets, GRACE-1: Cross-Layer Adaptation for Multimedia Quality and Battery Energy, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, v.5 n.7, p.799-815, July 2006 [doi>10.1109/TMC.2006.98]

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS
      Subjects: Real-time and embedded systems

General Terms:
Algorithms, Design, Experimentation

Keywords:
dynamic voltage scaling, low-power systems, media players, real-time embedded systems