|
ABSTRACT
Recently, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) upgraded its Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) from version 1.0 to 2.0. WCAG 2.0 further encourages the design of accessible Web content, and has been put in place to address the limitations of the earlier version, WCAG 1.0. The new development requires that updates be made accordingly. One of the areas affected by the transition is automated Web content accessibility evaluation and repair. Since most Accessibility Evaluation and Repair Tools (AERTs) depend on guidelines to make suggestions about potential accessibility barriers and proffer repair solutions, existing tools have to be modified to accommodate the changes WCAG 2.0 brings. In particular, more techniques for performing automated Web content accessibility evaluation and repair are desirable. The heterogeneous nature of Web content which AERTs assess, calls for techniques of cross-disciplinary origin. In this paper, we discuss the implications of the transition for automated evaluation and repair. In addition, we present a meta-review of relevant techniques from related disciplines for the purpose of informing research that surrounds testing and repair techniques employed by AERTs.
REFERENCES
Note: OCR errors may be found in this Reference List extracted from the full text article. ACM has opted to expose the complete List rather than only correct and linked references.
| |
1
|
Comparison of WCAG 1.0 Checkpoints to WCAG 2.0, in Numerical Order . Available Online at http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/from10/comparison/, Accessed 25th April, 2009.
|
| |
2
|
An Introduction to Classification: Feature Selection. Available online at http://www.improvedoutcomes.com/docs/WebSiteDocs/Classification and Prediction/SLAM/An Introduction to Classification.htm. Accessed 30th June, 2009.
|
| |
3
|
L. Ahn and L. Dabbish. Labeling Images With a Computer Game. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vienna, Austria, ACM, pages 319 -- 326, 2004.
|
| |
4
|
L. Ahn, S. Ginosar, M. Kedia, R. Liu, and M. Blum. Improving Accessibility of the Web with a Computer Game. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing System, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, ACM, pages 79 -- 82, 2006.
|
| |
5
|
S. Aksoy. Introduction to Pattern Recognition. http://www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/Üsaksoy/courses/cs551/slides/cs551 intro.pdf, Accessed 9th July,, 2009.
|
| |
6
|
J. Bigham. Increasing Web Accessibility by Automatically Judging Alternative Text Quality. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, ACM, pages 349 -- 352, 2007.
|
| |
7
|
J. Bigham, R. Kaminsky, R. Ladner, O. Danielsson, and G. Hempton. Webinsignt: Making Web Images Accessible. In Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, Portland, Oregon, USA, ACM, pages 181 -- 188, 2006.
|
| |
8
|
J. Brewer. Web Accessibility Highlights and Trends. In Proceedings of the International Cross-disciplinary Workshop on Web accessibility (W4A), ACM, 63:51 -- 55, 2004.
|
| |
9
|
J. Brudvik, J. Bigham, A. Cavender, and R. Ladner. Hunting for Headings: Sighted Labeling vs. Automatic Classification of Headings. In Proceedings of the 10th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility, Nova Scotia, Canada, ACM, pages 201 -- 208, 2008.
|
| |
10
|
B. Caldwell, M. Cooper, L. Reid, and G. Vanderheiden (Eds). Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0. W3C Recommendation 11th December, 2008. http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/, Accessed 20th December , 2008.
|
| |
11
|
G. Caridakis, O. Diamanti, K. Karpouzis, and P. Maragos. Automatic Sign Language Recognition: Vision Based Feature Extraction and Probabilistic Recognition Scheme from Multiple Cues. In PETRA'08, Athens, Greece, ACM, 282, 2008.
|
| |
12
|
I. Carlbom, I. Chakravarty, and W. Hsu. SIGGRAPH'91 Workshop Report Integrating Computer Graphics, Computer vision, and Image Processing in Scientific Applications. ACM, 26 (1):8 -- 17, 1992.
|
| |
13
|
R. Chandrasekar, C. Doran, and B. Srinivas. Motivations and Methods for Text Simplication. In Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Computational Linguistics, Copenhagen, Denmark, Association for Computational Linguistics Morristown, NJ, USA, 2:1041 -- 1044, 1996.
|
| |
14
|
R. Chandrasekar and B. Srinivas. Automatic Induction of Rules for Text Simplification. Knowledge-Based Systems, Elsevier, 10 (3):183 -- 190, 1997.
|
| |
15
|
W. Chisholm, G. Vanderheiden, and I. Jacobs (Eds.). Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0. W3C Recommendation 5th May, 1999. http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/, Accessed 10th July, 2008.
|
| |
16
|
K. Collins-Thompson and J. Callan. A Language Modeling Approach to Predicting Reading Difficulty. In Proceedings of HLT / NAACL , Boston, USA, 2004.
|
| |
17
|
C. Colwell and H. Petrie. Evaluation of Guidelines for Designing Accessible Web Content. Position Paper for the IFIP TC.13 INTERACT'99 Workshop: Making Designers Aware of Existing Guidelines for Accessibility, Edinburgh, UK, pages 11 -- 13, 1999.
|
| |
18
|
R. Cucchiara, C. Grana, A. Prati, and R. Vezzani. Computer Vision Techniques for PDA Accessibility of In-house Video Surveillance. In First ACM SIGMM international workshop on Video surveillance, Berkeley, California, USA, ACM, pages 87 -- 97, 2003.
|
| |
19
|
S. Devlin and G. Unthank. Helping Aphasic People Process Online Information. In Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, Portland, Oregon, USA, ACM, pages 225 -- 226, 2006.
|
| |
20
|
I. Feldberg. Computer Vision and its Application to APL. Proceedings of the International Conference on APL, Sydney, Australia, ACM, pages 113 -- 119, 1987.
|
| |
21
|
S. Fu. Introduction to Special Issue on Syntactic Pattern Recognition -- Part One. Pattern Recognition, Pergamon Press, Printed in Great Britain, Published by Elsevier Science B.V., 3 (4):343 -- 344, 1971.
|
| |
22
|
W. Grimson and J. Mundy. Computer Vision and its Applications. Communications of the ACM, 37 (3):44 -- 51, 1994.
|
| |
23
|
R. Gunning. The Technique of Clear Writing. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.
|
| |
24
|
S. L. Henry. Understanding Web Accessibility. In Thatcher, Jim (Ed) Web Accessibility. Web Standards and Regulatory Compliance, 2006.
|
| |
25
|
A. Hors, P. Hegaret, G. Nicol, L. Wood, M. Champion, and S. Byrne. Document Object Model Core. W3C Recommendation, 07 April 2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/core.html, Accessed 14th July, 2009.
|
| |
26
|
M. Ivory and A. Chevalier. A Study of Automated Web Site Evaluation Tools. Technical Report UW-CSE-02-10-01, 2002.
|
| |
27
|
B. Kelly, D. Sloan, S. Brown, J. Seale, H. Petrie, P. Lauke, and S. Ball. Accessibility 2.0: People, Policies and Processes. In Proceedings of the International Cross-disciplinary Workshop on Web Accessibility (W4A), Banff, Canada, ACM, pages 138 -- 147, 2007.
|
| |
28
|
B. Kelly, D. Sloan, L. Phipps, H. Petrie, and F. Hamilton. Forcing Standardization or Accommodating Diversity? A Framework for Applying the WCAG in the Real World. In Proceedings of the International Cross-disciplinary Workshop on Web Accessibility (W4A), Chiba, Japan, ACM, pages 46 -- 54, 2005.
|
| |
29
|
J. Kincaid, R. Fishburn Jr., R. Rogers, and B. Chissom. Derivation of New Readability Formulas for Enlisted Navy Personnel. Research Branch Report 8-75, Naval Air Station Memphis, Millington, Tennessee, 1975.
|
| |
30
|
C. Lin. The Effectiveness of Dictionary and Web-based Answer Reranking. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Taipei, Taiwan, ACL, Morristown, NJ, USA, 1:1 -- 7, 2002.
|
| |
31
|
H. Liu, J. Janssen, and E. Milios. Using HMM to Learn User Browsing Patterns for Focused Web Crawling. In Data and Knowledge Engineering, Including: Sixth ACM International Workshop on Web Information and Data Management, Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 59 (2):270 -- 291, 2006.
|
| |
32
|
J. Mantas. Methodologies in Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis - A Brief Survey. Pattern Recognition, Elsevier Science Inc. NY, USA, 20 (1):1 -- 6, 1987.
|
| |
33
|
T. McEwan and B. Weerts. Alt Text and Basic Accessibility. In Proceedings of the 21st British HCI Group Annual Conference on HCI , Lancaster, British Computer Society, UK, 2:71 -- 74, 2007.
|
| |
34
|
A. Noruzi. A Study of Html Title Tag Creation Behaviour of Academic Web Sites. The Journal of Academic Liberianship, Elsevier Inc., 33 (4):501 -- 506, 2007.
|
| |
35
|
M. Olsen. Detecting Suspicious Descriptive Text in Web Pages Using Pattern Recognition. http://www.mortengoodwin.net/publicationfiles/coursepr suspicous description.pdf, Accessed 18 June, 2009.
|
| |
36
|
S. C. Ong and S. Ranganath. Automatic Sign Language Analysis: A Survey and the Future Beyond Lexical Meaning. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, USA, 27(6):873 -- 891, 2005.
|
| |
37
|
H. Petrie and O. Kheir. The Relationship Between Accessibility and Usability of Websites. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, San Jose, Califonia, USA, ACM, pages 397 -- 406, 2007.
|
| |
38
|
A. Pirkola. The Effects of Query Structure and Dictionary Setups in Dictionary-based Cross-language Information Retrieval. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Melbourne, Australia, ACM, pages 55 -- 63, 1998.
|
| |
39
|
X. Qi and B. Davison. Web page Classification: Features and Algorithms. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 41 (2), 2009.
|
| |
40
|
R. Rapp and C. Vide. Example-Based Machine Translation Using a Dictionary of Word Pairs. In Proceedings, LREC, pages 1268 -- 1273, 2006.
|
| |
41
|
C. Ridpath and W. Chisholm. Techniques for Accessibility Evaluation and Repair Tools, w3c working draft, 26 april 2000. Available Online at http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/WD-AERT-20000426, accessed 23rd, April, 2009.
|
| |
42
|
M. Rowan, P. Gregor, D. Sloan, and P. Booth. Evaluating Web Resources for Disability Access. In Proceedings of the 4th International ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies, Arlington, Virginia, USA, ACM, pages 80 -- 84, 2000.
|
| |
43
|
L. Si and J. Callan. A Statistical Model for Scientific Readability. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, ACM, pages 574 -- 576, 2001.
|
| |
44
|
D. Sloan, A. Heath, F. Hamilton, B. Kelly, H. Petrrie, and L. Phipps. Contextual Web Accessibility - Maximizing the Benefit of Accessibility Guidelines. In Proceedings of the International Cross-disciplinary Workshop on Web accessibility (W4A), Edinburgh, UK, ACM, 134:121--131, 2006.
|
| |
45
|
Q. Song and M. Shepperd. Mining Web Browsing Patterns for E-commerce. Computers in Industry, 57:622 -- 630, 2006.
|
| |
46
|
K. Takeuchi, T. Kanehila, K. Hilao, T. Abekawa, and K. Kageura. Flexible Automatic Look-up of English Idiom Entries in Dictionaries. Machine Translation Summit XI Proceedings, pages 451 -- 458, 2007.
|
| |
47
|
Y. Tatsumi and T. Asahi. Analyzing Web Page Headings Considering Various Presentations. Special Interest Tracks and Posters of the 14th International Conference on World Wide Web, Chiba, Japan, ACM, pages 956 -- 957, 2005.
|
| |
48
|
T. Watanabe. Experimental Evaluation of Usability and Accessibility of Heading Elements. In Proceedings of the International Cross-disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A), Banff, Canada, ACM, 225:157 -- 164, 2007.
|
|