Leakage-aware energy synchronization for wireless sensor networks

ABSTRACT

To ensure sustainable operations of wireless sensor systems, environmental energy harvesting has been regarded as the right solution for long-term applications. In energy-dynamic environments, energy conservation is no longer considered necessarily beneficial, because energy storage units (e.g., batteries or capacitors) are limited in capacity and leakage-prone. In contrast to legacy energy conservation approaches, we aim at energy synchronization for wireless sensor devices. The starting point of this work is TwinStar, which uses ultra-capacitor as the only energy storage unit. To efficiently use the harvested energy, we design and implement leakage-aware feedback control techniques to match local and network-wide activity of sensor nodes with the dynamic energy supply from environments. We conduct system evaluation under three typical real-world settings - indoor, outdoor, and mobile backpack under a wide range of system settings. Results indicate our leakage-aware control can effectively utilize energy that could otherwise leak away. Nodes running leakage-aware control can enjoy 70% more energy than the ones running non-leakage-aware control and application performance (e.g., event detection) can be improved significantly.

REFERENCES

• 1: Aman Kansal , Jason Hsu , Sadaf Zahedi , Mani B. Srivastava, Power management in energy harvesting sensor networks, ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS), v.6 n.4, p.32-es, September 2007 [doi>10.1145/1274858.1274870]
• 2: Andreas Lachenmann , Pedro José Marrón , Daniel Minder , Kurt Rothermel, Meeting lifetime goals with energy levels, Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 06-09, 2007, Sydney, Australia [doi>10.1145/1322263.1322277]
• 3: Sagnik Bhattacharya , Hyung Kim , Shashi Prabh , Tarek Abdelzaher, Energy-conserving data placement and asynchronous multicast in wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services, p.173-185, May 05-08, 2003, San Francisco, California [doi>10.1145/1066116.1066120]
• 4: Chulsung Park , Pai H. Chou, Power utility maximization for multiple-supply systems by a load-matching switch, Proceedings of the 2004 international symposium on Low power electronics and design, August 09-11, 2004, Newport Beach, California, USA [doi>10.1145/1013235.1013281]
• 5: C. Park and P. H. Chou, "AmbiMax: Autonomous energy harvesting platform for multi-supply wireless sensor nodes," SECON '06, 2006.
• 6: Deepak Ganesan , Rǎzvan Cristescu , Baltasar Beferull-Lozano, Power-efficient sensor placement and transmission structure for data gathering under distortion constraints, Proceedings of the 3rd international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks, April 26-27, 2004, Berkeley, California, USA [doi>10.1145/984622.984643]
• 7: Dimitrios Lymberopoulos , Andreas Savvides, XYZ: a motion-enabled, power aware sensor node platform for distributed sensor network applications, Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks, April 24-27, 2005, Los Angeles, California
• 8: S. B. Eisenman , E. Miluzzo , N. D. Lane , R. A. Peterson , G-S. Ahn , A. T. Campbell, The BikeNet mobile sensing system for cyclist experience mapping, Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 06-09, 2007, Sydney, Australia [doi>10.1145/1322263.1322273]
• 9: Geoff Werner-Allen , Konrad Lorincz , Jeff Johnson , Jonathan Lees , Matt Welsh, Fidelity and yield in a volcano monitoring sensor network, Proceedings of the 7th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, p.27-27, November 06-08, 2006, Seattle, WA
• 10: Heng Zeng , Carla S. Ellis , Alvin R. Lebeck, Experiences in Managing Energy with ECOSystem, IEEE Pervasive Computing, v.4 n.1, p.62-68, January 2005 [doi>10.1109/MPRV.2005.10]
• 11: Chih-Chieh Han , Ram Kumar , Roy Shea , Eddie Kohler , Mani Srivastava, A dynamic operating system for sensor nodes, Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services, June 06-08, 2005, Seattle, Washington [doi>10.1145/1067170.1067188]
• 12: Tian He , Sudha Krishnamurthy , John A. Stankovic , Tarek Abdelzaher , Liqian Luo , Radu Stoleru , Ting Yan , Lin Gu , Jonathan Hui , Bruce Krogh, Energy-efficient surveillance system using wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services, June 06-09, 2004, Boston, MA, USA [doi>10.1145/990064.990096]
• 13: Jason Flinn , M. Satyanarayanan, Managing battery lifetime with energy-aware adaptation, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS), v.22 n.2, p.137-179, May 2004 [doi>10.1145/986533.986534]
• 14: Joengmin Hwang , Tian He , Yongdae Kim, Exploring in-situ sensing irregularity in wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 06-09, 2007, Sydney, Australia [doi>10.1145/1322263.1322291]
• 15: Jacob Sorber , Alexander Kostadinov , Matthew Garber , Matthew Brennan , Mark D. Corner , Emery D. Berger, Eon: a language and runtime system for perpetual systems, Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 06-09, 2007, Sydney, Australia [doi>10.1145/1322263.1322279]
• 16: Kris Lin , Jennifer Yu , Jason Hsu , Sadaf Zahedi , David Lee , Jonathan Friedman , Aman Kansal , Vijay Raghunathan , Mani Srivastava, Heliomote: enabling long-lived sensor networks through solar energy harvesting, Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 02-04, 2005, San Diego, California, USA [doi>10.1145/1098918.1098974]
• 17: Karim Seada , Marco Zuniga , Ahmed Helmy , Bhaskar Krishnamachari, Energy-efficient forwarding strategies for geographic routing in lossy wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 03-05, 2004, Baltimore, MD, USA [doi>10.1145/1031495.1031509]
• 18: Seungwoo Kang , Jinwon Lee , Hyukjae Jang , Hyonik Lee , Youngki Lee , Souneil Park , Taiwoo Park , Junehwa Song, SeeMon: scalable and energy-efficient context monitoring framework for sensor-rich mobile environments, Proceeding of the 6th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services, June 17-20, 2008, Breckenridge, CO, USA [doi>10.1145/1378600.1378630]
• 19: MAXWELL Technologies, available at http://www.maxwell.com/ultracapacitors/products/large-cell/bcap3000.asp.
• 20: Prabal Dutta , Jonathan Hui , Jaein Jeong , Sukun Kim , Cory Sharp , Jay Taneja , Gilman Tolle , Kamin Whitehouse , David Culler, Trio: enabling sustainable and scalable outdoor wireless sensor network deployments, Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks, April 19-21, 2006, Nashville, Tennessee, USA [doi>10.1145/1127777.1127839]
• 21: R. Signorelli, J. Schindall, and J. Kassakian, "Carbon Nanotube Enhanced Double Layer Capacitor," in 15th International Seminar on Double Layer Capacitors and Hybrid Energy Storage Devices, 2005.
• 22: Robert Szewczyk , Alan Mainwaring , Joseph Polastre , John Anderson , David Culler, An analysis of a large scale habitat monitoring application, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 03-05, 2004, Baltimore, MD, USA [doi>10.1145/1031495.1031521]
• 23: Ravishankar Rao , Sarma Vrudhula , Daler N. Rakhmatov, Battery Modeling for Energy-Aware System Design, Computer, v.36 n.12, p.77-87, December 2003 [doi>10.1109/MC.2003.1250886]
• 24: Shan Lin , Jingbin Zhang , Gang Zhou , Lin Gu , John A. Stankovic , Tian He, ATPC: adaptive transmission power control for wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, October 31-November 03, 2006, Boulder, Colorado, USA [doi>10.1145/1182807.1182830]
• 25: Samuel Madden , Michael J. Franklin , Joseph M. Hellerstein , Wei Hong, TAG: a Tiny AGgregation service for Ad-Hoc sensor networks, Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation

  Due to copyright restrictions we are not able to make the PDFs for this conference available for downloading

  , December 09-11, 2002, Boston, Massachusetts [doi>10.1145/1060289.1060303]
• 26: Scott Meninger , Jose Oscar Mur-Miranda , Rajeevan Amirtharajah , Anantha Chandrakasan , Jeffrey Lang, Vibration-to-electric energy conversion, Proceedings of the 1999 international symposium on Low power electronics and design, p.48-53, August 16-17, 1999, San Diego, California, United States [doi>10.1145/313817.313840]
• 27: Christopher M. Sadler , Margaret Martonosi, Dali: a communication-centric data abstraction layer for energy-constrained devices in mobile sensor networks, Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services, June 11-13, 2007, San Juan, Puerto Rico [doi>10.1145/1247660.1247674]
• 28: Suzanne Foster, "The energy efficiency of common household battery charging systems: Results and implications," in Natural Resources Defense Council, http://www.efficientproducts.org/reports/bchargers/NRDC-Ecos Battery Charger Efficiency.pdf.
• 29: Weir, et al, "Electrical-energy-storage unit (EESU) utilizing ceramic and integrated-circuit technologies for replacement of electrochemical batteries," in United States Patent 7033406, 2006.
• 30: Xiaofan Jiang , Joseph Polastre , David Culler, Perpetual environmentally powered sensor networks, Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks, April 24-27, 2005, Los Angeles, California
• 31: Xiaofan Jiang , Prabal Dutta , David Culler , Ion Stoica, Micro power meter for energy monitoring of wireless sensor networks at scale, Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks, April 25-27, 2007, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA [doi>10.1145/1236360.1236386]
• 32: Gang Zhou , Tian He , Sudha Krishnamurthy , John A. Stankovic, Impact of radio irregularity on wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services, June 06-09, 2004, Boston, MA, USA [doi>10.1145/990064.990081]

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
      C.2.4 Distributed Systems

General Terms:
Design, Experimentation, Measurement, Performance

Keywords:
energy, leakage, ultra-capacitor, wireless sensor networks