An empirical BSSRDF model

ABSTRACT

We present a new model of the homogeneous BSSRDF based on large-scale simulations. Our model captures the appearance of materials that are not accurately represented using existing single scattering models or multiple isotropic scattering models (e.g. the diffusion approximation). We use an analytic function to model the 2D hemispherical distribution of exitant light at a point on the surface, and a table of parameter values of this function computed at uniformly sampled locations over the remaining dimensions of the BSSRDF domain. This analytic function is expressed in elliptic coordinates and has six parameters which vary smoothly with surface position, incident angle, and the underlying optical properties of the material (albedo, mean free path length, phase function and the relative index of refraction). Our model agrees well with measured data, and is compact, requiring only 250MB to represent the full spatial- and angular-distribution of light across a wide spectrum of materials. In practice, rendering a single material requires only about 100KB to represent the BSSRDF.

REFERENCES

• 1: James F. Blinn, Light reflection functions for simulation of clouds and dusty surfaces, Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.21-29, July 26-30, 1982, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
• 2: Antoine Bouthors , Fabrice Neyret , Nelson Max , Eric Bruneton , Cyril Crassin, Interactive multiple anisotropic scattering in clouds, Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games, February 15-17, 2008, Redwood City, California [doi>10.1145/1342250.1342277]
• 3: Cerezo, E., Perez-Cazorla, F., Pueyo, X., Seron, F., and Sillion, F. 2005. A survey on participating media rendering techniques. The Visual Computer.
• 4: Kristin J. Dana , Bram van Ginneken , Shree K. Nayar , Jan J. Koenderink, Reflectance and texture of real-world surfaces, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.18 n.1, p.1-34, Jan. 1999 [doi>10.1145/300776.300778]
• 5: Craig Donner , Henrik Wann Jensen, Light diffusion in multi-layered translucent materials, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.24 n.3, July 2005
• 6: Donner, C., and Jensen, H. W. 2007. Rendering translucent materials using photon diffusion. In Rendering Techniques, 243--251.
• 7: Michael Goesele , Hendrik P. A. Lensch , Jochen Lang , Christian Fuchs , Hans-Peter Seidel, DISCO: acquisition of translucent objects, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.23 n.3, August 2004
• 8: Pat Hanrahan , Wolfgang Krueger, Reflection from layered surfaces due to subsurface scattering, Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.165-174, August 02-06, 1993, Anaheim, CA [doi>10.1145/166117.166139]
• 9: Henrik Wann Jensen , Juan Buhler, A rapid hierarchical rendering technique for translucent materials, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.21 n.3, July 2002
• 10: Jensen, H. W., Legakis, J., and Dorsey, J. 1999. Rendering of wet materials. In Rendering Techniques, 273--282.
• 11: Henrik Wann Jensen , Stephen R. Marschner , Marc Levoy , Pat Hanrahan, A practical model for subsurface light transport, Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.511-518, August 2001 [doi>10.1145/383259.383319]
• 12: Henrik Wann Jensen, Global illumination using photon maps, Proceedings of the eurographics workshop on Rendering techniques '96, p.21-30, December 1996, Porto, Portugal
• 13: Henrik Wann Jensen, Realistic image synthesis using photon mapping, A. K. Peters, Ltd., Natick, MA, 2001
• 14: Joshi, N., Donner, C., and Jensen, H. W. 2006. Noninvasive measurement of scattering anisotropy in turbid materials by nonnormal incident illumination. Opt. Lett. 31, 936--938.
• 15: James T. Kajiya, The rendering equation, Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.143-150, August 1986
• 16: Korn, G. A., and Korn, T. M. 2000. Mathematical Handbook for Scientists and Engineers: Definitions, Theorems, and Formulas for Reference and Review. Courier Dover Publications.
• 17: Li, H., Pellacini, F., and Torrance, K. 2005. A hybrid monte carlo method for accurate and efficient subsurface scattering. In Rendering Techniques, 283--290.
• 18: Wojciech Matusik , Hanspeter Pfister , Matt Brand , Leonard McMillan, A data-driven reflectance model, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.22 n.3, July 2003
• 19: Srinivasa G. Narasimhan , Mohit Gupta , Craig Donner , Ravi Ramamoorthi , Shree K. Nayar , Henrik Wann Jensen, Acquiring scattering properties of participating media by dilution, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.25 n.3, July 2006
• 20: Nicodemus, F. E., Richmond, J. C., Hsia, J. J., Ginsberg, I. W., and Limperis, T. 1977. Geometrical Considerations and Nomenclature for Reflectance. National Bureau of Standards.
• 21: Pieter Peers , Karl vom Berge , Wojciech Matusik , Ravi Ramamoorthi , Jason Lawrence , Szymon Rusinkiewicz , Philip Dutré, A compact factored representation of heterogeneous subsurface scattering, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.25 n.3, July 2006
• 22: Matt Pharr , Pat Hanrahan, Monte Carlo evaluation of non-linear scattering equations for subsurface reflection, Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.75-84, July 2000 [doi>10.1145/344779.344824]
• 23: Simon Premože , Michael Ashikhmin , Peter Shirley, Path integration for light transport in volumes, Proceedings of the 14th Eurographics workshop on Rendering, June 25-27, 2003, Leuven, Belgium
• 24: Premoze, S., Ashikhmin, M., Tessendorf, J., Ramamoorthi, R., and Nayar, S. 2004. Practical rendering of multiple scattering effects in participating media. In Rendering Techniques, 363--374.
• 25: Stam, J. 1995. Multiple scattering as a diffusion process. In Rendering Techniques, 41--50.
• 26: Xin Tong , Jiaping Wang , Stephen Lin , Baining Guo , Heung-Yeung Shum, Modeling and rendering of quasi-homogeneous materials, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), v.24 n.3, July 2005
• 27: Gregory J. Ward, Measuring and modeling anisotropic reflection, Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.265-272, July 1992
• 28: Stephen H. Westin , James R. Arvo , Kenneth E. Torrance, Predicting reflectance functions from complex surfaces, Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.255-264, July 1992
• 29: Zhengyou Zhang, A Flexible New Technique for Camera Calibration, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, v.22 n.11, p.1330-1334, November 2000 [doi>10.1109/34.888718]

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  I. Computing Methodologies
  I.3 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
      I.3.7 Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism

Additional Classification:
  I. Computing Methodologies
  I.3 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
      I.3.5 Computational Geometry and Object Modeling
  I.6 SIMULATION AND MODELING
      I.6.5 Model Development
          Subjects: Modeling methodologies

General Terms:
Algorithms, Design, Measurement