Opportunistic real-time routing in multi-hop wireless sensor networks

ABSTRACT

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are subject to significant resource constraints. Particularly, routing protocols for low-rate WSNs suffer from maintaining routing metrics and stable links of paths. Even though opportunistic routing protocols are well-suited to WSNs, they have some weaknesses for supporting real-time data and low power consumption. This paper proposes a new routing protocol called opportunistic real time routing (or ORTR) that guarantees delivery of data under time constraints with efficient power consumption. In order to satisfy time requirements, an area where real-time data must be delivered is defined with effective transmission power and a relay node within the area is selected for the purpose of balancing overall energy levels. We compare existing routing protocols against ORTR through a set of simulation experiments. Our simulation results illustrate that ORTR provides guaranteed real-time service with optimal transmission power without degrading the energy balance.

REFERENCES

• 1: Chipcon CC2420 Data Sheet. http://www.chipcon.com, 2004.
• 2: IEEE 802.15.4 standard. http://standard.ieee.org/, 2006.
• 3: J. AL-Karaki and A. Kamal. Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: A survey. IEEE Wireless Comm., 15(5):795--825, Dec. 2004.
• 4: Sanjit Biswas , Robert Morris, ExOR: opportunistic multi-hop routing for wireless networks, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, v.35 n.4, October 2005
• 5: O. Chipara, Z. He, G. Xing, Q. Chen, X. Wang, C. Lu, J. Stankovic, and T. Abdelzaher. Real-time power-aware routing in sensor networks. In IEEE IWQOS, pages 83--92, June 2006.
• 6: Douglas S. J. De Couto , Daniel Aguayo , Benjamin A. Chambers , Robert Morris, Performance of multihop wireless networks: shortest path is not enough, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, v.33 n.1, p.83-88, January 2003 [doi>10.1145/774763.774776]
• 7: Emad Felemban , Chang-Gun Lee , Eylem Ekici, MMSPEED: Multipath Multi-SPEED Protocol for QoS Guarantee of Reliability and Timeliness in Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, v.5 n.6, p.738-754, June 2006 [doi>10.1109/TMC.2006.79]
• 8: H. Friis. A note on a simple transmission formula. IEEE IRE, 34(5):254--256, 1946.
• 9: T. He, J. A. Stankovic, C. Lu, and T. Adbelzaher. SPEED: A real-time routing protocol for sensor networks. IEEE ICDCS, 15(5):795--825, Nov. 2002.
• 10: W. Jia, T. Wang, G. Wang, and M. Guo. Hole avoiding in advance routing in wireless sensor networks. IEEE WCNC, May 2007.
• 11: B. Latre, P. D. Mil, I. Moerman, B. Dhoedt, and P. Demeester. Throughput and delay analysis of unslotted ieee 802.15.4. Journal of Networks, 1(1):20--28, May 2006.
• 12: H. Peng, Z. Xi, C. X. L. Ying, and G. Chuanshan. An adaptive real-time routing scheme for wireless sensor networks. ACM AINAW, 2:918--922, May 2007.
• 13: Rahul C. Shah , Sven Wietholter , Adam Wolisz , Jan M. Rabaey, When Does Opportunistic Routing Make Sense?, Proceedings of the Third IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops, p.350-356, March 08-12, 2005 [doi>10.1109/PERCOMW.2005.90]
• 14: Rahul C. Shah , Sven Wietholter , Adam Wolisz , Jan M. Rabaey, Modeling and Analysis of Opportunistic Routing in Low Traffic Scenarios, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks, p.294-304, April 04-06, 2005 [doi>10.1109/WIOPT.2005.30]
• 15: H. Takagi and L. Kleinrock. Optimal transmission range for randomly distributed packet radio terminals. IEEE Trans on Comm., 32(3):795--825, Mar. 1984.
• 16: Kai Zeng , Wenjing Lou , Jie Yang , Donald R. Brown, III, On throughput efficiency of geographic opportunistic routing in multihop wireless networks, Mobile Networks and Applications, v.12 n.5, p.347-357, December 2007 [doi>10.1007/s11036-008-0051-7]
• 17: M. Zuniga and B. Krishnamachari. Analyzing the transitinal region in low power wireless links. IEEE SECON, pages 517--526, Oct. 2004.

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
      C.2.2 Network Protocols

Additional Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS

Keywords:
opportunistic real-time routing, real-time routing, wireless sensor networks