PowerTOSSIM z: realistic energy modelling for wireless sensor network environments

ABSTRACT

Energy continues to be the key constraint in wireless sensor networks. We review existing methods for estimating software power consumption and battery modelling, as applied to embedded systems such as Wireless Sensor Networks. We consider current developments in hardware and software technology, in particular the availability of high-fidelity simulators. Once such simulator, TOSSIM for TinyOS 1.x, models power consumption via a plugin, PowerTOSSIM. We complete the port of PowerTOSSIM to TinyOS 2.0 for the latest model of sensor node, the MICAz. Finally, we extend the simulator to model non-linear battery effects.

REFERENCES

• 1: ATM128 datasheet, Jan. 2007. Available at http://www.siphec.com/microcontroller/ATmega128(L)_complete.pdf.
• 2: Agustin Barberis , Leonardo Barboni , Maurizio Valle, Evaluating Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks Applications, Proceedings of the 10th Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design Architectures, Methods and Tools, p.455-462, August 29-31, 2007 [doi>10.1109/DSD.2007.50]
• 3: CC2420 datasheet, Jan. 2008. Available at http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs150/Documents/CC2420.pdf.
• 4: C. F. Chiasserini and R. R. Rao. A model for battery pulsed discharge with recovery effect. In Proceedings of IEEE WCNC, vol. 2, pages 636--639, 1999.
• 5: C.-Y. Chong. Sensor Networks: Evolution, Opportunities,and Challenges. In Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 91, no. 8, Aug. 2003.
• 6: T. Community. Lesson 11 - tossim, Jan. 2008. Available at http://docs.tinyos.net/index.php/TOSSIM.
• 7: Product Datasheet - Energizer E91. Available at http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/e91.pdf.
• 8: K. Klues, V. Handziski, J.-H. Hauer, and P. Levis. Power management of non-virtualized devices. Available at http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/doc/txt/tep115.txt.
• 9: F. Lewis. Smart Environments - Wireless Sensor Networks, 2004. Available at http://arri.uta.edu/acs/networks/WirelessSensorNetChap04.pdf.
• 10: MICA2 datasheet, Jan. 2008. Available at http://www.xbow.com/Products/Product_pdf_files/Wireless_pdf/MICA2_Datasheet.pdf.
• 11: MICAz datasheet, Jan. 2008. Available at http://www.xbow.com/Products/Product_pdf_files/Wireless_pdf/MICAz_Datasheet.pdf.
• 12: MICAz datasheet, Jan. 2008. Available at http://www.xbow.com/Products/Product_pdf_files/Wireless_pdf/MICAz_Datasheet.pdf.
• 13: Debashis Panigrahi , Sujit Dey , Ramesh Rao , Kanishka Lahiri , Carla Chiasserini , Anand Raghunathan, Battery Life Estimation of Mobile Embedded Systems, Proceedings of the The 14th International Conference on VLSI Design (VLSID '01), p.57, January 03-07, 2001
• 14: J. Polastre. Cc2420 idle state {tinyos-help} mailing list post, Dec. 2005. Available at http://mail.millennium.berkeley.edu/pipermail/tinyos-help/2005-December/013742.html.
• 15: J. Polley, D. Blazakis, J. Mcgee, D. Rusk, and J. S. Baras. Atemu: a fine-grained sensor network simulator. Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, 2004. IEEE SECON 2004., pages 145--152, 2004.
• 16: PowerTOSSIM website, Jan. 2008. Available at http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~shnayder/ptossim/.
• 17: T. V. Prabhakar, S. Venkatesh, M. S. Sujay, K. Joy, and K. Praveen. Simulation blocks for tossim-t2. In WISARD 2008, A workshop in COMSWARE 2008, 2008.
• 18: Venkat Rao , Gaurav Singhal , Anshul Kumar , Nicolas Navet, Battery Model for Embedded Systems, Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on VLSI Design held jointly with 4th International Conference on Embedded Systems Design, p.105-110, January 03-07, 2005 [doi>10.1109/ICVD.2005.61]
• 19: D. Schmidt, M. Kramer, T. Kuhn, and N. Wehn. Energy modelling in sensor networks. Advances in Radio Science, 2007.
• 20: Victor Shnayder , Mark Hempstead , Bor-rong Chen , Geoff Werner Allen , Matt Welsh, Simulating the power consumption of large-scale sensor network applications, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 03-05, 2004, Baltimore, MD, USA [doi>10.1145/1031495.1031518]
• 21: The SPICE website, Jan. 2008. Available at http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Classes/IcBookSPICE/.
• 22: R. Szewczyk, P. Levis, M. Turon, L. Nachman, P. Buonadonna, and V. Handziski. Microcontroller power management, Jan. 2007. Available at http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/doc/html/tep112.html.
• 23: T. K. Tan , A. K. Raghunathan , G. Lakishminarayana , N. K. Jha, High-level software energy macro-modeling, Proceedings of the 38th conference on Design automation, p.605-610, June 2001, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States [doi>10.1145/378239.379033]
• 24: TinyOS website. Available at http://www.tinyos.net/
• 25: Ben L. Titzer , Daniel K. Lee , Jens Palsberg, Avrora: scalable sensor network simulation with precise timing, Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks, April 24-27, 2005, Los Angeles, California
• 26: TOSSIM website. Available at http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~pal/research/tossim.html.

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.4 PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEMS
      Subjects: Measurement techniques

Additional Classification:
  I. Computing Methodologies
  I.6 SIMULATION AND MODELING
      I.6.8 Types of Simulation
          Subjects: Discrete event

General Terms:
Design

Keywords:
MICAz, PowerTOSSIM, TOSSIM, TinyOS 2, energy model, non-linear battery model, wireless sensor networks