An integrated model of traffic, geography and economy in the internet

ABSTRACT

Modeling Internet growth is important both for understanding the current network and to predict and improve its future. To date, Internet models have typically attempted to explain a subset of the following characteristics: network structure, traffic flow, geography, and economy. In this paper we present a discrete, agent-based model, that integrates all of them. We show that the model generates networks with topologies, dynamics, and more speculatively spatial distributions that are similar to the Internet.

REFERENCES

• 1: J. I. Alvarez-Hamelin and N. Schabanel. An Internet graph model based on trade-off optimization. Eur. Phys. J. B, 38:231--237, 2004.
• 2: Sagy Bar , Mira Gonen , Avishai Wool, A geographic directed preferential internet topology model, Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking, v.51 n.14, p.4174-4188, October, 2007 [doi>10.1016/j.comnet.2007.04.021]
• 3: A.-L. Barabási and R. Albert. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science, 286:509--512, 1999.
• 4: E. Bonabeau. Agent-based modeling: Methods and techniques for simulating human systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 99:7280--7287, 2002.
• 5: F. Cairncross. The death of distance. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA, 1997.
• 6: J. M. Carlson and J. Doyle. Highly optimized tolerance: a mechanism for power laws in designed systems. Phys. Rev. E, 60:1412--1427, August 1999.
• 7: Hyunseok Chang , Sugih Jamin , Walter Willinger, Internet connectivity at the AS-level: an optimization-driven modeling approach, Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Models, methods and tools for reproducible network research, August 25-27, 2003, Karlsruhe, Germany [doi>10.1145/944773.944780]
• 8: H. Chang, S. Jamin, and W. Willinger. To peer or not to peer: Modeling the evolution of the Internet's AS-level topology. In Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2006.
• 9: A. Clauset, C. R. Shalizi, and M. E. J. Newman. Power-law distributions in empirical data. e-print arXiv:0706.1062, 2007.
• 10: R. Cohen, K. Erez, D. ben Avraham, and S. Havlin. Resilience of the Internet to random breakdowns. Phys. Rev. Lett., 85:4626--4628, 2000.
• 11: I. Daubechies, K. Drakakis, and T. Khovanova. A detailed study of the attachment strategies of new autonomous systems in the AS connectivity graph. Internet Mathematics, 2:185--246, 2006.
• 12: P. Echenique, J. Gómez-Gardẽnes, and Y. Moreno. Dynamics of jamming transitions in complex networks. Europhys. Lett., 71:325--331, 2005.
• 13: Alex Fabrikant , Elias Koutsoupias , Christos H. Papadimitriou, Heuristically Optimized Trade-Offs: A New Paradigm for Power Laws in the Internet, Proceedings of the 29th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, p.110-122, July 08-13, 2002
• 14: Michalis Faloutsos , Petros Faloutsos , Christos Faloutsos, On power-law relationships of the Internet topology, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, v.29 n.4, p.251-262, Oct. 1999
• 15: Lixin Gao, On inferring autonomous system relationships in the internet, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON), v.9 n.6, p.733-745, December 2001 [doi>10.1109/90.974527]
• 16: L. Gao and F. Wang. The extent of AS path ination by routing policies. In Proceedings of GLOBECOM'02, volume 3, pages 2180--2184, 2002.
• 17: K.-I. Goh, E. Oh, H. Jeong, B. Kahng, and D. Kim. Classification of scale-free networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99:12583--12588, 2002.
• 18: P. Holme. Congestion and centrality in traffic flow on complex networks. Advances in Complex Systems, 6:163--176, 2003.
• 19: P. Holme, J. Karlin, and S. Forrest. Radial structure of the Internet. Proc. R. Soc. A, 463:1231--1246, 2007.
• 20: W. Isard. Location and space economy. MIT Press, Cambridge MA, 1956.
• 21: P. L. Krapivsky, S. Redner, and F. Leyvraz. Connectivity of growing random networks. Phys. Rev. Lett., 85:4629 -- 4632, 2000.
• 22: A. Lakhina, J. W. Byers, M. Crovella, and I. Matta. On the geographic location of Internet resources. Technical Report BUCS-TR-2002-015, Boston University, 2002.
• 23: Romualdo Pastor-Satorras , Alessandro Vespignani, Evolution and Structure of the Internet: A Statistical Physics Approach, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2004
• 24: Y. Rekhter , T. Li, A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4), RFC Editor, 1995
• 25: S. Shakkottai, T. Vest, D. Krioukov, and K. C. Claffy. Economic evolution of the Internet AS-level ecosystem. e-print arxiv:cs.NI/0608058, 2006.
• 26: V. Sood and P. Grassberger. Localization transition of biased random walks on random networks. Phys. Rev. Lett., 99:098701, 2007.
• 27: Neil Spring , Ratul Mahajan , David Wetherall , Thomas Anderson, Measuring ISP topologies with rocketfuel, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON), v.12 n.1, p.2-16, February 2004 [doi>10.1109/TNET.2003.822655]
• 28: L. Subramanian, S. Agarwal, J. Rexford, and R. H. Katz. Characterizing the Internet hierarchy from multiple vantage points. In INFOCOM 2002. Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proceedings. IEEE, volume 2, pages 618--627, 2002.
• 29: S.-H. Yook, H. Jeong, and A.-L. Barabási. Modeling the Internet's large-scale topology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99:13382--13386, 2002.

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
      C.2.1 Network Architecture and Design

General Terms:
Measurement

Keywords:
agent-based model, autonomous system, complex networks, emergent properties, internet, mechanistic model, networks, time evolution