People-centric urban sensing

ABSTRACT

The vast majority of advances in sensor network research over the last five years have focused on the development of a series of small-scale (100s of nodes) testbeds and specialized applications (e.g., environmental monitoring, etc.) that are built on low-powered sensor devices that self-organize to form application-specific multihop wireless networks. We believe that sensor networks have reached an important crossroads in their development. The question we address in this paper is how to propel sensor networks from their small-scale application-specific network origins, into the commercial mainstream of people's every day lives; the challenge being: how do we develop large-scale general-purpose sensor networks for the general public (e.g., consumers) capable of supporting a wide variety of applications in urban settings (e.g., enterprises, hospitals, recreational areas, towns, cities, and the metropolis). We propose MetroSense, a new people-centric paradigm for urban sensing at the edge of the Internet, at very large scale. We discuss a number of challenges, interactions and characteristics in urban sensing applications, and then present the MetroSense architecture which is based fundamentally on three design principles: network symbiosis, asymmetric design, and localized interaction. The ability of MetroSense to scale to very large areas is based on the use of an opportunistic sensor networking approach. Opportunistic sensor networking leverages mobility-enabled interactions and provides coordination between people-centric mobile sensors, static sensors and edge wireless access nodes in support of opportunistic sensing, opportunistic tasking, and opportunistic data collection. We discuss architectural challenges including providing sensing coverage with sparse mobile sensors, how to hand off roles and responsibilities between sensors, improving network performance and connectivity using adaptive multihop, and importantly, providing security and privacy for people-centric sensors and data.

REFERENCES

• 1: Ubisense. http://www.ubisense.net.
• 2: Anish Arora , Rajiv Ramnath , Emre Ertin , Prasun Sinha , Sandip Bapat , Vinayak Naik , Vinod Kulathumani , Hongwei Zhang , Hui Cao , Mukundan Sridharan , Santosh Kumar , Nick Seddon , Chris Anderson , Ted Herman , Nishank Trivedi , Chen Zhang , Mikhail Nesterenko , Romil Shah , Sandeep Kulkarni , Mahesh Aramugam , Limin Wang , Mohamed Gouda , Young-ri Choi , David Culler , Prabal Dutta , Cory Sharp , Gilman Tolle , Mike Grimmer , Bill Ferriera , Ken Parker, ExScal: Elements of an Extreme Scale Wireless Sensor Network, Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA'05), p.102-108, August 17-19, 2005 [doi>10.1109/RTCSA.2005.47]
• 3: R. Govindan and et al. Tenet: An architecture for tiered embedded networks. In CENS Technical Report No. 53, Nov. 2005.
• 4: Chieh-Yih Wan , Shane B. Eisenman , Andrew T. Campbell , Jon Crowcroft, Siphon: overload traffic management using multi-radio virtual sinks in sensor networks, Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 02-04, 2005, San Diego, California, USA [doi>10.1145/1098918.1098931]
• 5: C.-Y. Wan, A. T. Campbell, and L. Krishnamurthy. Pump slowly, fetch quickly (psfq): a reliable transport protocol for sensor networks. In IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, volume 23, pages 862--872, April 2005.
• 6: Bret Hull , Kyle Jamieson , Hari Balakrishnan, Mitigating congestion in wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 03-05, 2004, Baltimore, MD, USA [doi>10.1145/1031495.1031512]
• 7: Moteiv tmote invent: http://www.moteiv.com/products-tmoteinvent.php.
• 8: Sensorplanet. http://www.sensorplanet.org/.
• 9: D. Malan, T. Fulford-Jones, M. Wesh, and S. Moulton. Codeblue: An ad hoc sensor network infrastructure for emergency medical care. In Proc. MobiSys 2004 Workshop on Applications of Mobile Embedded Systems, 2004.
• 10: Lakshman Krishnamurthy , Robert Adler , Phil Buonadonna , Jasmeet Chhabra , Mick Flanigan , Nandakishore Kushalnagar , Lama Nachman , Mark Yarvis, Design and deployment of industrial sensor networks: experiences from a semiconductor plant and the north sea, Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 02-04, 2005, San Diego, California, USA [doi>10.1145/1098918.1098926]
• 11: Victoria Transport Policy Institute. London congestion pricing. www.vtpi.org.
• 12: Ning Xu , Sumit Rangwala , Krishna Kant Chintalapudi , Deepak Ganesan , Alan Broad , Ramesh Govindan , Deborah Estrin, A wireless sensor network For structural monitoring, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 03-05, 2004, Baltimore, MD, USA [doi>10.1145/1031495.1031498]
• 13: Tune your run. http://www.apple.com/ipod/nike/.
• 14: Mark Feldmeier , Joseph A. Paradiso, Giveaway wireless sensors for large-group interaction, CHI '04 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems, April 24-29, 2004, Vienna, Austria [doi>10.1145/985921.986046]
• 15: Gordon Bell , Jim Gray, Digital immortality, Communications of the ACM, v.44 n.3, p.28-30, March 2001 [doi>10.1145/365181.365182]
• 16: Kevin Fall, A delay-tolerant network architecture for challenged internets, Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications, August 25-29, 2003, Karlsruhe, Germany [doi>10.1145/863955.863960]
• 17: Ubifit project. http://dub.washington.edu/projects/ubifit/.
• 18: Virone and et al. An assisted living oriented information system based on a residential wireless sensor network. In Proc. of 1st Conf. on Distributed Diagnosis and Home Healthcare, pages 95--100, April 2--4 2006.
• 19: Toru Ishida, Digital city Kyoto, Communications of the ACM, v.45 n.7, p.76-81, July 2002 [doi>10.1145/514236.514238]
• 20: Silent london -- a map of the capital's quietest places. http://www.simonelvins.com/silent_london.html.
• 21: Joseph Polastre , Jonathan Hui , Philip Levis , Jerry Zhao , David Culler , Scott Shenker , Ion Stoica, A unifying link abstraction for wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 02-04, 2005, San Diego, California, USA [doi>10.1145/1098918.1098928]
• 22: Philip Levis , David Culler, Maté: a tiny virtual machine for sensor networks, Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems, October 05-09, 2002, San Jose, California
• 23: Philip Levis , David Gay , David Culler, Active sensor networks, Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation, p.343-356, May 02-04, 2005
• 24: David Kotz , Kobby Essien, Analysis of a campus-wide wireless network, Proceedings of the 8th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, September 23-28, 2002, Atlanta, Georgia, USA [doi>10.1145/570645.570659]
• 25: Benyuan Liu , Peter Brass , Olivier Dousse , Philippe Nain , Don Towsley, Mobility improves coverage of sensor networks, Proceedings of the 6th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing, May 25-27, 2005, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA [doi>10.1145/1062689.1062728]
• 26: Openwrt. http://openwrt.org/.
• 27: A. Chaintreau, P. Hui, J. Crowcroft, C. Diot, R. Gass, and J. Scott. Impact of human mobility on the design of opportunistic forwarding algorithms. In Proc. of INFOCOM 2006, April 23--29, Barcelona, Spain.
• 28: E. Shi and A. Perrig. Designing secure sensor networks. Wireless Communication Magazine, 11(6):38--43, December 2004.
• 29: Chris Karlof , Naveen Sastry , David Wagner, TinySec: a link layer security architecture for wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 03-05, 2004, Baltimore, MD, USA [doi>10.1145/1031495.1031515]
• 30: T. Stathopoulos, L. Girod, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin. Mote herding for tiered wireless sensor networks. In CENS Technical Report 58, December 7, 2005.
• 31: M. Ho and K. Fall. Poster: Delay tolerant networking for sensor networks. In Proc. of IEEE Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, 2004.
• 32: Y. Wang and H. Wu. Dft-msn: The delay fault tolerant mobile sensor network for pervasive information gathering. In Proc. of INFOCOM 2006, April 23--29, Barcelona, Spain.
• 33: Aman Kansal , Arun A. Somasundara , David D. Jea , Mani B. Srivastava , Deborah Estrin, Intelligent fluid infrastructure for embedded networks, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services, June 06-09, 2004, Boston, MA, USA [doi>10.1145/990064.990080]
• 34: S. Nath, Y. Ke, P. B. Gibbons, B. Karp, and S. Seshan. Irisnet: An architecture for enabling sensor-enriched internet service. In Technical Report, Intel Research, number IRP-TR-03-04, Pittsburgh, June 2003.
• 35: P. Pietzuch, J. Shneidman, J. Ledlie, M. Welsh, M. Seltzer, and M. Roussopoulos. Hourglass: An infrastructure for connecting sensor networks and applications. In "Harvard University Technical Report TR-21-04", 2004.
• 36: J. Liu and F. Zhao. Towards semantic services for sensor-rich information systems. In The 2nd IEEE/CreateNet International Workshop on Broadband Advanced Sensor Networks (Basenets 2005), Boston, MA, Oct. 3, 2005., pages 44--51.
• 37: Manuel Román , Christopher Hess , Renato Cerqueira , Anand Ranganathan , Roy H. Campbell , Klara Nahrstedt, A Middleware Infrastructure for Active Spaces, IEEE Pervasive Computing, v.1 n.4, p.74-83, October 2002 [doi>10.1109/MPRV.2002.1158281]
• 38: João Pedro Sousa , David Garlan, Aura: an Architectural Framework for User Mobility in Ubiquitous Computing Environments, Proceedings of the IFIP 17th World Computer Congress - TC2 Stream / 3rd IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture: System Design, Development and Maintenance, p.29-43, August 25-30, 2002
• 39: Endeavour, http://endeavour.cs.berkeley.edu/.
• 40: Oxygen. http://www.oxygen.lcs.mit.edu/.
• 41: Sentient computing. http://www.uk.research.att.com/spirit/.
• 42: Roy Want , Andy Hopper , Veronica Falcão , Jonathan Gibbons, The active badge location system, ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), v.10 n.1, p.91-102, Jan. 1992 [doi>10.1145/128756.128759]
• 43: The cricket location-support system. http://cricket.csail.mit.edu/.
• 44: Quentin Jones , Sukeshini A. Grandhi, P3 Systems: Putting the Place Back into Social Networks, IEEE Internet Computing, v.9 n.5, p.38-46, September 2005 [doi>10.1109/MIC.2005.105]
• 45: Gyula Simon , Miklós Maróti , Ákos Lédeczi , György Balogh , Branislav Kusy , András Nádas , Gábor Pap , János Sallai , Ken Frampton, Sensor network-based countersniper system, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 03-05, 2004, Baltimore, MD, USA [doi>10.1145/1031495.1031497]
• 46: Urban Sensing Summit, CENS, UCLA, May 2006. http://bigriver.remap.ucla.edu/remap/index.php/Urban_Sensing_Summit.

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

General Terms:
Design, Experimentation

Keywords:
mobile wireless sensor networks, people-centric, urban sensing