M2RC: multiplicative-increase/additive-decrease multipath routing control for wireless sensor networks

ABSTRACT

Routing protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSN) face two main challenges: first, the challenging environments in which WSN's are deployed negatively affect the quality of the routing process. Therefore, routing protocols for WSN's should recognize and react to node failures and packet losses. Second, sensor nodes are battery-powered, which makes power a scarce resource. Routing protocols should optimize power consumption to prolong the lifetime of the WSN. In this paper, we present a new adaptive routing protocol for WSN's, we call it M²RC. M²RC has two phases: mesh establishment phase and data forwarding phase. In the first phase, M²RC establishes the routing state to enable multipath data forwarding. In the second phase, M²RC forwards data packets from the source to the sink. Targeting hop-by-hop reliability, an M²RC forwarding node waits for an acknowledgement (ACK) that its packets were correctly received at the next neighbor. Based on this feedback, an M²RC node applies multiplicative-increase/additive-decrease (MIAD) to control the number of neighbors targeted by its packet broadcast. We simulated M²RC in the ns-2 simulator [4] and compared it to GRAB [1], Max-power, and Min-power routing schemes. Our simulations show that M²RC achieves the highest throughput with at least 10-30% less consumed power per delivered report in scenarios where a certain numberof nodes unexpectedly fail.-

REFERENCES

• 1: {1} F. Ye, G. Zhong, S. Lu, and L. Zhang. GRAdient Broadcast: A Robust Data Delivery Protocol for Large Scale Sensor Networks. To appear in ACM Wireless Networks (WINET), Vol. 11, No. 2, March 2005.
• 2: Chalermek Intanagonwiwat , Ramesh Govindan , Deborah Estrin, Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks, Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, p.56-67, August 06-11, 2000, Boston, Massachusetts, United States [doi>10.1145/345910.345920]
• 3: {3} Ning Xu. A Survey of Sensor Network Applications. Computer Science Department, University of Southern California.
• 4: {4} The Network Simulator - ns-2. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.
• 5: {5} Sally Floyd. Congestion Control Principles. RFC 2914, September 2000.
• 6: {6} D. Ganesan, R. Govindan, S. Shenker and D. Estrin. Highly Resilient, Energy Efficient Multipath Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. Mobile Computing and Communications Review (MC2R), Vol 1., No. 2. 2002.

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
      C.2.2 Network Protocols
          Subjects: Routing protocols

Additional Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
      C.2.1 Network Architecture and Design
          Subjects: Wireless communication
      C.2.2 Network Protocols
          Subjects: Protocol architecture (OSI model)

  I. Computing Methodologies
  I.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
      I.2.9 Robotics
          Subjects: Sensors

General Terms:
Design, Experimentation, Measurement, Performance