When and how to develop domain-specific languages

ABSTRACT

Domain-specific languages (DSLs) are languages tailored to a specific application domain. They offer substantial gains in expressiveness and ease of use compared with general-purpose programming languages in their domain of application. DSL development is hard, requiring both domain knowledge and language development expertise. Few people have both. Not surprisingly, the decision to develop a DSL is often postponed indefinitely, if considered at all, and most DSLs never get beyond the application library stage.Although many articles have been written on the development of particular DSLs, there is very limited literature on DSL development methodologies and many questions remain regarding when and how to develop a DSL. To aid the DSL developer, we identify patterns in the decision, analysis, design, and implementation phases of DSL development. Our patterns improve and extend earlier work on DSL design patterns. We also discuss domain analysis tools and language development systems that may help to speed up DSL development. Finally, we present a number of open problems.

REFERENCES

• 1: Matthias Anlauff , Philipp W. Kutter , Alfonso Pierantonio, Tool Support for Language Design and Prototyping with Montages, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Compiler Construction, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on the Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS'99, p.296-299, March 22-28, 1999
• 2: Antoniotti, M. and Göllü, A. 1997. SHIFT and SMART-AHS: A language for hybrid system engineering modeling and simulation. In Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on Domain-Specific Languages, 171--182.
• 3: David L. Atkins , Thomas Ball , Glenn Bruns , Kenneth Cox, Mawl: A Domain-Specific Language for Form-Based Services, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, v.25 n.3, p.334-346, May 1999 [doi>10.1109/32.798323]
• 4: Isabelle Attali , Carine Courbis , Pascal Degenne , Alexandre Fau , Didier Parigot , Claude Pasquier, SmartTools: A Generator of Interactive Environments Tools, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Compiler Construction, p.355-360, April 02-06, 2001
• 5: Aycock, J. 2002. The design and implementation of SPARK, a toolkit for implementing domain-specific languages. J. Comput. Inform. Tech. 10, 1, 55--66.
• 6: Backus, J. W. 1960. The syntax and semantics of the proposed International Algebraic Language of the Zurich ACM-GAMM conference. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Processing, UNESCO, Paris, 1959. Oldenbourg, Munich and Butterworth, London, 125--132.
• 7: Greg J. Badros, JavaML: a markup language for Java source code, Proceedings of the 9th international World Wide Web conference on Computer networks : the international journal of computer and telecommunications netowrking, p.159-177, June 2000, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
• 8: Bagge, O. S. and Haveraaen, M. 2003. Domain-specific optimisation with user-defined rules in CodeBoost. In Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Rule-Based Programming (RULE'03), J.-L. Giavitto and P.-E. Moreau, Eds. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 86(2). Elsevier. http://www.sciencedirect.com/.
• 9: David W. Barron , D. W. Barron, The World of Scripting Languages, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 2000
• 10: D. Batory , B. Lofaso , Y. Smaragdakis, JTS: Tools for Implementing Domain-Specific Languages, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Software Reuse, p.143, June 02-05, 1998
• 11: Don Batory , Jeff Thomas , Marty Sirkin, Reengineering a complex application using a scalable data structure compiler, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGSOFT symposium on Foundations of software engineering, p.111-120, December 06-09, 1994, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
• 12: Ira D. Baxter , Christopher Pidgeon , Michael Mehlich, DMS®: Program Transformations for Practical Scalable Software Evolution, Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Software Engineering, p.625-634, May 23-28, 2004
• 13: Keith H. Bennett , Václav T. Rajlich, Software maintenance and evolution: a roadmap, Proceedings of the Conference on The Future of Software Engineering, p.73-87, June 04-11, 2000, Limerick, Ireland [doi>10.1145/336512.336534]
• 14: Jon Bentley, Programming pearls: little languages, Communications of the ACM, v.29 n.8, p.711-721, Aug. 1986 [doi>10.1145/6424.315691]
• 15: Thomas J. Bergin, Jr. , Richard G. Gibson, Jr., History of programming languages---II, ACM Press, New York, NY, 1996
• 16: Frédéric Bertrand , Michel Augeraud, BDL: A Specialized Language for Per-Object Reactive Control, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, v.25 n.3, p.347-362, May 1999 [doi>10.1109/32.798324]
• 17: Ted J. Biggerstaff, A perspective of generative reuse, Annals of Software Engineering, 5, p.169-226, 1998
• 18: Ted J. Biggerstaff , Alan J. Perlis, Software reusability: vol. 1, concepts and models, ACM Press, New York, NY, 1989
• 19: Dan Bonachea , Kathleen Fisher , Anne Rogers , Frederick Smith, Hancock: a language for processing very large-scale data, Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Domain-specific languages, p.163-176, October 03-06, 1999, Austin, Texas, United States
• 20: Bosch, J. and Dittrich, Y. Domain-specific languages for a changing world. http://www.cs.rug.nl/bosch/articles.html.
• 21: Claus Brabrand , Michael I. Schwartzbach, Growing languages with metamorphic syntax macros, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, v.37 n.3, p.31-40, March 2002
• 22: Braband, C., Schwartzbach, M. I., and Vanggaard, M. 2003. The metafront system: Extensible parsing and transformation. In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Language Descriptions, Tools, and Applications (LDTA'03), B. R. Bryant and J. Saraiva, Eds. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 82(3). Elsevier. http://www.sciencedirect.com/.
• 23: Martin Bravenboer , Eelco Visser, Concrete syntax for objects: domain-specific language embedding and assimilation without restrictions, Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications, October 24-28, 2004, Vancouver, BC, Canada
• 24: Brooks, Jr., F. P. 1996. Language design as design. In History of Programming Languages II. T. J. Bergin and R. C. Gibson Eds. ACM Press, 4--15.
• 25: Magiel Bruntink , Arie van Deursen , Tom Tourwe, Isolating Idiomatic Crosscutting Concerns, Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM'05), p.37-46, September 25-30, 2005 [doi>10.1109/ICSM.2005.57]
• 26: J. Buffenbarger , K. Gruell, A Language for Software Subsystem Composition, Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences ( HICSS-34)-Volume 9, p.9072, January 03-06, 2001
• 27: Luca Cardelli , Rowan Davies, Service Combinators for Web Computing, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, v.25 n.3, p.309-316, May 1999 [doi>10.1109/32.798321]
• 28: Satish Chandra , Bradley Richards , James R. Larus, Teapot: A Domain-Specific Language for Writing Cache Coherence Protocols, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, v.25 n.3, p.317-333, May 1999 [doi>10.1109/32.798322]
• 29: David Chappell, Understanding ActiveX and OLE: a guide for developers and managers, Microsoft Press, Redmond, WA, 1996
• 30: Shigeru Chiba, A metaobject protocol for C++, Proceedings of the tenth annual conference on Object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications, p.285-299, October 15-19, 1995, Austin, Texas, United States
• 31: J. Craig Cleaveland, Building Application Generators, IEEE Software, v.5 n.4, p.25-33, July 1988 [doi>10.1109/52.17799]
• 32: Craig Craig Cleaveland , J. Craig Cleaveland, Program Generators with XML and Java with CD-ROM, Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2001
• 33: Clements, J., Felleisen, M., Findler, R., Flatt, M., and Krishnamurthi, S. 2004. Fostering little languages. Dr. Dobb's J. 29, 3 (March), 16--24.
• 34: Charles Consel , Renaud Marlet, Architecture Software Using: A Methodology for Language Development, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Principles of Declarative Programming, p.170-194, September 16-18, 1998
• 35: James Coplien , Daniel Hoffman , David Weiss, Commonality and Variability in Software Engineering, IEEE Software, v.15 n.6, p.37-45, November 1998 [doi>10.1109/52.730836]
• 36: Cordy, J. R. 2004. TXL---A language for programming language tools and applications. In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Language Descriptions, Tools, and Applications (LDTA'04), G. Hedin and E. van Wyk, Eds. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 110. Elsevier, 3--31. http://www.sciencedirect.com/.
• 37: Courbis, C. and Finkelstein, A. 2004. Towards an aspect weaving BPEL engine. In Proceedings of the 3rd AOSD Workshop on Aspects, Components, and Patterns for Infrastructure Software (ACP4IS), Y. Coady and D. H. Lorenz, Eds. Tech. rep. NU-CCIS-04-04, College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.
• 38: Matej Črepinšek , Marjan Mernik , Faizan Javed , Barrett R. Bryant , Alan Sprague, Extracting grammar from programs: evolutionary approach, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, v.40 n.4, April 2005 [doi>10.1145/1064165.1064172]
• 39: S. Crespi-Reghizzi , M. A. Melkanoff , L. Lichten, The use of grammatical inference for designing programming languages, Communications of the ACM, v.16 n.2, p.83-90, Feb. 1973 [doi>10.1145/361952.361958]
• 40: Crew, R. F. 1997. ASTLOG: A language for examining abstract syntax trees. In Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on Domain-Specific Languages, 229--242.
• 41: Krzysztof Czarnecki , Ulrich W. Eisenecker, Generative programming: methods, tools, and applications, ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York, NY, 2000
• 42: Merijn de Jonge, Source Tree Composition, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Software Reuse: Methods, Techniques, and Tools, p.17-32, April 15-19, 2002
• 43: Dean, M., Schreiber, G., van Harmelen, F., Hendler, J., Horrocks, I., McGuinness, D. L., Patel-Schneider, P. F., and Stein, L. A. 2003. OWL Web Ontology Language Reference. Working draft, W3C (March). http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-owl-ref-20030331/.
• 44: Denny, M. 2003. Ontology building: A survey of editing tools. Tech. rep., XML.com. http://www.xml.com/lpt/a/2002/11/06/ontologies.html.
• 45: Conal Elliott, An Embedded Modeling Language Approach to Interactive 3D and Multimedia Animation, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, v.25 n.3, p.291-308, May 1999 [doi>10.1109/32.798320]
• 46: Faith, R. E., Nyland, L. S., and Prins, J. F. 1997. Khepera: A system for rapid implementation of domain specific languages. In Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on Domain-Specific Languages, 243--255.
• 47: Ricardo de Almeida Falbo , Giancarlo Guizzardi , Katia Cristina Duarte, An ontological approach to domain engineering, Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Software engineering and knowledge engineering, July 15-19, 2002, Ischia, Italy [doi>10.1145/568760.568822]
• 48: Felleisen, M., Findler, R., Flatt, M., and Krishnamurthi, S. 2004. Building little languages with macros. Dr. Dobb's J. 29, 4 (April), 45--49.
• 49: K. Fertalj , D. Kalpic , V. Mornar, Source Code Generator Based on a Proprietary Specification Language, Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'02)-Volume 9, p.283.2, January 07-10, 2002
• 50: W. Frakes, Overview of Panel: Linking Domain Analysis and Domain Implementation, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Software Reuse, p.348, June 02-05, 1998
• 51: William Frakes , Ruben Prieto-Diaz , Christopher Fox, DARE: Domain analysis and reuse environment, Annals of Software Engineering, 5, p.125-141, 1998
• 52: Erich Gamma , Richard Helm , Ralph Johnson , John Vlissides, Design patterns: elements of reusable object-oriented software, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, 1995
• 53: Germon, R. 2001. Using XML as an intermediate form for compiler development. In XML Conference Proceedings. http://www.idealliance.org/papers/xml2001/index.html.
• 54: Gil, J. and Tsoglin, Y. 2001. JAMOOS---A domain-specific language for language processing. J. Comput. Inform. Tech. 9, 4, 305--321.
• 55: Gilmore, S. and Ryan, M., Eds. 2001. Language Constructs for Describing Features---Proceedings of the FIREworks Workshop. Springer-Verlag.
• 56: Glässer, U., Gurevich, Y., and Veanes, M. 2002. An abstract communication model. Tech. rep. MSR-TR-2002-55. Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA.
• 57: Gondow, K. and Kawashima, H. 2002. Towards ANSI C program slicing using XML. In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Language Descriptions, Tools, and Applications (LDTA'02), M. G. J. van den Brand and R. Lämmel, Eds. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 65(3). Elsevier. http://www.sciencedirect.com/.
• 58: John John Gough , K. John Gough, Compiling for the .Net Common Language Runtime, Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2001
• 59: Granicz, A. and Hickey, J. 2003. Phobos: Extending compilers with executable language definitions. In Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
• 60: Jeff Gray , Gábor Karsai, An Examination of DSLs for Concisely Representing Model Traversals and Transformations, Proceedings of the 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'03) - Track 9, p.325.1, January 06-09, 2003
• 61: Robert W. Gray , Steven P. Levi , Vincent P. Heuring , Anthony M. Sloane , William M. Waite, Eli: a complete, flexible compiler construction system, Communications of the ACM, v.35 n.2, p.121-130, Feb. 1992 [doi>10.1145/129630.129637]
• 62: Jack Greenfield , Keith Short , Steve Cook , Stuart Kent, Software Factories: Assembling Applications with Patterns, Models, Frameworks, and Tools, John Wiley & Sons, 2004
• 63: Samuel Z. Guyer , Calvin Lin, An annotation language for optimizing software libraries, Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Domain-specific languages, p.39-52, October 03-06, 1999, Austin, Texas, United States
• 64: Guyer, S. Z. and Lin, C. 2005. Broadway: A compiler for exploiting the domain-specific semantics of software libraries. In Proceedings of IEEE, 93, 2, 342--357.
• 65: Jan Heering , Paul Klint, Semantics of programming languages: a tool-oriented approach, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, v.35 n.3, p.39-48, March 2000 [doi>10.1145/351159.351173]
• 66: R. M. Herndon, Jr. , V. A. Berzins, The Realizable Benefits of a Language Prototyping Language, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, v.14 n.6, p.803-809, June 1988 [doi>10.1109/32.6159]
• 67: HICSS 2001. Proceedings of the 34th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'34). IEEE.
• 68: HICSS 2002. Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'35). IEEE.
• 69: HICSS 2003. Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'36). IEEE.
• 70: Paul Hudak, Building domain-specific embedded languages, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), v.28 n.4es, Dec. 1996 [doi>10.1145/242224.242477]
• 71: P. Hudak, Modular Domain Specific Languages and Tools, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Software Reuse, p.134, June 02-05, 1998
• 72: James Jennings , Eric Beuscher, Verischemelog: Verilog embedded in Scheme, Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Domain-specific languages, p.123-134, October 03-06, 1999, Austin, Texas, United States
• 73: Jones, C. 1996. SPR Programming Languages Table Release 8.2, http://www.theadvisors.com/langcomparison.htm. (Accessed April 2005). Later release not available at publication.
• 74: Neil D. Jones , Carsten K. Gomard , Peter Sestoft, Partial evaluation and automatic program generation, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1993
• 75: Basim M. Kadhim , William M. Waite, Maptool - Supporting Modular Syntax Development, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Compiler Construction, p.268-280, April 24-26, 1996
• 76: Kamin, S., Ed. 1997. DSL'97---1st ACM SIGPLAN Workshop on Domain-Specific Languages in Association with POPL'97. University of Illinois Computer Science Report.
• 77: Kamin, S. 1998. Research on domain-specific embedded languages and program generators. Electro. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci. 14. http://www.sciencedirect.com/.
• 78: Kamin, S. and Hyatt, D. 1997. A special-purpose language for picture-drawing. In Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on Domain-Specific Languages, 297--310.
• 79: Kang, K. C., Cohen, S. G., Hess, J. A., Novak, W. E., and Peterson, A. S. 1990. Feature-oriented domain analysis (FODA) feasibility study. Tech. rep. CMU/SEI-90-TR-21. Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University.
• 80: U. Kastens , P. Pfahler, Compositional design and implementation of domain-specific languages, Proceedings of the IFIP TC2 WG2.4 working conference on Systems implementation 2000 : languages, methods and tools: languages, methods and tools, p.152-165, January 1998, Berlin, Germany
• 81: Gregor Kiczales , Jim Des Rivieres, The Art of the Metaobject Protocol, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991
• 82: Richard B. Kieburtz , Laura McKinney , Jeffrey M. Bell , James Hook , Alex Kotov , Jeffrey Lewis , Dino P. Oliva , Tim Sheard , Ira Smith , Lisa Walton, A software engineering experiment in software component generation, Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Software engineering, p.542-552, March 25-29, 1996, Berlin, Germany
• 83: Kienle, H. M. and Moore, D. L. 2002. smgn: Rapid prototyping of small domain-specific languages. J. Comput. Inform. Tech. 10, 1, 37--53.
• 84: Nils Klarlund , Michael L. Schwartzbach, A Domain-Specific Language for Regular Sets of Strings and Trees, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, v.25 n.3, p.378-386, May 1999 [doi>10.1109/32.798326]
• 85: Charles W. Krueger, Software reuse, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), v.24 n.2, p.131-183, June 1992 [doi>10.1145/130844.130856]
• 86: Kuck, D. J. 2005. Platform 2015 software: Enabling innovation in parallelism for the next decade. Technology@Intel Magazine. http://www.intel.com/technology/magazine/computing/Parallelism-0405.htm.
• 87: Sanjeev Kumar , Yitzhak Mandelbaum , Xiang Yu , Kai Li, ESP: a language for programmable devices, Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2001 conference on Programming language design and implementation, p.309-320, June 2001, Snowbird, Utah, United States
• 88: Philipp W. Kutter , Daniel Schweizer , Lothar Thiele, Integrating Domain Specific Language Design in the Software Life Cycle, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Current Trends in Applied Formal Method: Applied Formal Methods, p.196-212, October 07-09, 1998
• 89: John Launchbury , Jeffrey R. Lewis , Byron Cook, On embedding a microarchitectural design language within Haskell, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, v.34 n.9, p.60-69, Sept. 1999
• 90: Lengauer, C., Batory, D., Consel, C., and Odersky, M., Eds. 2004. Domain-Specific Program Generation. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3016. Springer-Verlag.
• 91: Michael R. Levy, Web programming in guide, Software—Practice & Experience, v.28 n.15, p.1581-1603, Dec. 1998 [doi>10.1002/(SICI)1097-024X(19981225)28:15<1581::AID-SPE215>3.3.CO;2-G]
• 92: James Martin, Fourth-generation languages. Volume I: principles, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1985
• 93: Mauw, S., Wiersma, W., and Willemse, T. 2004. Language-driven system design. Int. J. Softw. Eng. Knowl. Eng. 14, 1--39.
• 94: Mernik, M. and Lämmel, R. 2001. Special issue on domain-specific languages, Part I. J. Comput. Inform. Techn. 9, 4.
• 95: Mernik, M. and Lämmel, R. 2002. Special issue on domain-specific languages, Part II. J. Comput. Inform. Techn. 10, 1.
• 96: Mernik, M., Lenič, M., Avdičaušević, E., and Žumer, V. 2000. Multiple attribute grammar inheritance. Informatica 24, 3 (Sept.), 319--328.
• 97: Marjan Mernik , Uroš Novak , Enis Avdičaušević , Viljem Žumer, Design and implementation of simple object description language, Proceedings of the 2001 ACM symposium on Applied computing, p.590-595, March 2001, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States [doi>10.1145/372202.372468]
• 98: Marjan Mernik , Viljem Žumer , Mitja Lenič , Enis Avdičaušević, Implementation of multiple attribute grammar inheritance in the tool LISA, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, v.34 n.6, June 1999 [doi>10.1145/606666.606678]
• 99: Moura, J. M. F., Püschel, M., Padua, D., and Dongarra, J. 2005. Special issue on program generation, optimization, and platform adaptation. Proceedings of the IEEE 93, 2.
• 100: Nakatani, L. and Jones, M. 1997. Jargons and infocentrism. 1st Acm SIGPLAN Workshop on Domain-Specific Languages. 59--74. http://www-sal.cs.uiuc.edu/kamin/dsl/papers/nakatani.ps.
• 101: Bonnie A. Nardi, A small matter of programming: perspectives on end user computing, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1993
• 102: Neighbors, J. M. 1984. The Draco approach to constructing software from reusable components. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. SE-10, 5 (Sept.), 564--574.
• 103: Didier Parigot, Towards domain-driven development: the smartTools software factory, Companion to the 19th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications, October 24-28, 2004, Vancouver, BC, CANADA [doi>10.1145/1028664.1028685]
• 104: Peyton Jones, S., Tolmach, A., and Hoare, T. 2001. Playing by the rules: Rewriting as a practical optimisation technique in GHC. In Proceedings of the Haskell Workshop.
• 105: P. Pfahler , U. Kastens, Configuring Component-based Specifications for Domain-Specific Languages, Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences ( HICSS-34)-Volume 9, p.9074, January 03-06, 2001
• 106: Raymond, E. S. 2001. The CML2 language: Python implementation of a constraint-based interactive configurator. In Proceeding of the 9th International Python Conference. 135--142. http://www.catb.org/esr/cml2/cml2-paper.html.
• 107: W. Risi , P. López , D. Marcos, HyCom: A Domain Specific Language for Hypermedia Application Development, Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences ( HICSS-34)-Volume 9, p.9073, January 03-06, 2001
• 108: Ross, D. T. 1981. Origins of the APT language for automatically programmed tools. History of Programming Languages, R. L. Wexelblat Ed. Academic Press. 279--338.
• 109: Salus, P. H., Ed. 1998. Little Languages. Handbook of Programming Languages, vol. III. MacMillan.
• 110: Jean E. Sammet, Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1969
• 111: João Saraiva , Sérgio Schneider, Embedding Domain Specific Languages in the Attribute Grammar Formalism, Proceedings of the 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'03) - Track 9, p.324.1, January 06-09, 2003
• 112: Eric C. Schnarr , Mark D. Hill , James R. Larus, Facile: a language and compiler for high-performance processor simulators, Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2001 conference on Programming language design and implementation, p.321-331, June 2001, Snowbird, Utah, United States
• 113: K. Schneider , James R. Cordy, AUI: A Programming Language for Developing Plastic Interactive Software, Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'02)-Volume 9, p.281.2, January 07-10, 2002
• 114: Sibylle Schupp , Douglas Gregor , David R. Musser , Shin-Ming Liu, User-Extensible Simplification–Type-Based Optimizer Generators, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Compiler Construction, p.86-101, April 02-06, 2001
• 115: SDL Forum. 2000. MSC-2000: Interaction for the new millenium. http://www.sdl-forum.org/MSC2000present/index.htm.
• 116: M. Simos , J. Anthony, Weaving the Model Web: A Multi-Modeling Approach to Concepts and Features in Domain Engineering, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Software Reuse, p.94, June 02-05, 1998
• 117: Emin Gün Sirer , Brian N. Bershad, Using production grammars in software testing, Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Domain-specific languages, p.1-13, October 03-06, 1999, Austin, Texas, United States
• 118: A. Sloane, Post-design Domain-Specific Language Embedding: A Case Study in the Software Engineering Domain, Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'02)-Volume 9, p.281, January 07-10, 2002
• 119: Ken Slonneger , Kenneth Slonneger , Barry Kurtz, Formal Syntax and Semantics of Programming Languages: A Laboratory Based Approach, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, 1995
• 120: Smaragdakis, Y. and Batory, D. 1997. DiSTiL: A transformation library for data structures. In Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on Domain-Specific Languages. 257--270.
• 121: Smaragdakis, Y. and Batory, D. 2000. Application generators. In Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Online, J. Webster, Ed. John Wiley.
• 122: Danny Soroker , Michael Karasick , John Barton , David Streeter, Extension Mechanisms in Montana, Proceedings of the 8th Israeli Conference on Computer-Based Systems and Software Engineering, p.119, June 18-19, 1997
• 123: Diomidis Spinellis, Notable design patterns for domain-specific languages, Journal of Systems and Software, v.56 n.1, p.91-99, Feb 1,2001 [doi>10.1016/S0164-1212(00)00089-3]
• 124: Sutcliffe, A. and Mehandjiev, N. 2004. Special issue on End-User Development. Comm. ACM 47, 9.
• 125: Clemens Szyperski, Component Software: Beyond Object-Oriented Programming, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, 2002
• 126: Richard N. Taylor , Will Tracz , Lou Coglianese, Software development using domain-specific software architectures: CDRl A011—a curriculum module in the SEI style, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, v.20 n.5, p.27-38, Dec. 1995 [doi>10.1145/217030.217034]
• 127: Tennent, R. D. 1977. Language design methods based on semantic principles. Acta Inf. 8, 97--112.
• 128: Thatte, S. 2001. XLANG: Web services for business process design. Tech. rep. Microsoft. http://www.gotdotnet.com/team/xml_wsspecs/xlang-c/.
• 129: Thibault, S. A. 1998. Domain-specific languages: Conception, implementation and application. Ph.D. thesis, University of Rennes.
• 130: S. Thibault , C. Consel , G. Muller, Safe and Efficient Active Network Programming, Proceedings of the The 17th IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems, p.135, October 20-23, 1998
• 131: Scott A. Thibault , Renaud Marlet , Charles Consel, Domain-Specific Languages: From Design to Implementation Application to Video Device Drivers Generation, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, v.25 n.3, p.363-377, May 1999 [doi>10.1109/32.798325]
• 132: Tracz, W. and Coglianese, L. 1995. DOMAIN (DOmain Model All INtegrated)---a DSSA domain analysis tool. Tech. rep. ADAGE-LOR-94-11. Loral Federal Systems.
• 133: UPnP 2003. Universal Plug and Play Forum. http://www.upnp.org/.
• 134: USENIX 1997. Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on Domain-Specific Languages.
• 135: USENIX 1999. Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX Conference on Domain-Specific Languages (DSL'99).
• 136: Mark G. J. van den Brand , Arie van Deursen , Jan Heering , H. A. de Jong , Merijn de Jonge , Tobias Kuipers , Paul Klint , Leon Moonen , Pieter A. Olivier , Jeroen Scheerder , Jurgen J. Vinju , Eelco Visser , Joost Visser, The ASF+SDF Meta-environment: A Component-Based Language Development Environment, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Compiler Construction, p.365-370, April 02-06, 2001
• 137: Mark van den Brand , Eelco Visser, Generation of formatters for context-free languages, ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM), v.5 n.1, p.1-41, Jan. 1996 [doi>10.1145/226155.226156]
• 138: Arie van Deursen , Paul Klint, Little languages: little maintenance, Journal of Software Maintenance: Research and Practice, v.10 n.2, p.75-92, March-Arpil 1998 [doi>10.1002/(SICI)1096-908X(199803/04)10:2<75::AID-SMR168>3.0.CO;2-5]
• 139: van Deursen, A. and Klint, P. 2002. Domain-specific language design requires feature descriptions. J. Comput. Inform. Tech. 10, 1, 1--17.
• 140: Arie van Deursen , Paul Klint , Joost Visser, Domain-specific languages: an annotated bibliography, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, v.35 n.6, p.26-36, June 2000 [doi>10.1145/352029.352035]
• 141: van Engelen, R. 2001. ATMOL: A domain-specific language for atmospheric modeling. J. Comput. Inform. Techn. 9, 4, 289--303.
• 142: Veldhuizen, T. L. 1995a. Expression templates. C++ Report 7, 5 (June) 26--31.
• 143: Veldhuizen, T. L. 1995b. Using C++ template metaprograms. C++ Report 7, 4 (May) 36--43.
• 144: Veldhuizen, T. L. 2001. Blitz++ User's Guide. Version 1.2 http://www.oonumerics.org/blitz/manual/blitz.ps.
• 145: Visser, E. 2003. Stratego---Strategies for program transformation. http://www.stratego-language.org.
• 146: Wang, D. C., Appel, A. W., Korn, J. L., and Serra, C. S. 1997. The Zephyr abstract syntax description language. In Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on Domain-Specific Languages, 213--28.
• 147: David M. Weiss , Chi Tau Robert Lai, Software product-line engineering: a family-based software development process, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, 1999
• 148: Richard L. Wexelblat, History of Programming Languages, Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL, 1981
• 149: Wile, D. S. 1993. POPART: Producer of Parsers and Related Tools. USC/Information Sciences Institute. http://mr.teknowledge.com/wile/popart.html.
• 150: Wile, D. S. 2001. Supporting the DSL spectrum. J. Comput. Inform. Techn. 9, 4, 263--287.
• 151: David Wile, Lessons learned from real DSL experiments, Science of Computer Programming, v.51 n.3, p.265-290, June 2004 [doi>10.1016/j.scico.2003.12.006]
• 152: Wile, D. S. and Ramming, J. C. 1999. Special issue on Domain-Specific Languages. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. SE-25, 3 (May/June).
• 153: Jianxin Xiong , Jeremy Johnson , Robert Johnson , David Padua, SPL: a language and compiler for DSP algorithms, Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2001 conference on Programming language design and implementation, p.298-308, June 2001, Snowbird, Utah, United States

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  D. Software
  D.3 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
      D.3.2 Language Classifications
          Subjects: Specialized application languages

Keywords:
Domain-specific language, application language, domain analysis, language development system