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ABSTRACT

Scratchpad memory has been introduced as a replacement for cache memory as it improves the performance of certain embedded systems. Additionally, it has also been demonstrated that scratchpad memory can significantly reduce the energy consumption of the memory hierarchy of embedded systems. This is significant, as the memory hierarchy consumes a substantial proportion of the total energy of an embedded system. This paper deals with optimization of the instruction memory scratchpad based on a novel methodology that uses a metric which we call the concomitance. This metric is used to find basic blocks which are executed frequently and in close proximity in time. Once such blocks are found, they are copied into the scratchpad memory at appropriate times; this is achieved using a special instruction inserted into the code at appropriate places. For a set of benchmarks taken from Mediabench, our scratchpad system consumed just 59% (avg) of the energy of the cache system, and 73% (avg) of the energy of the state of the art scratchpad system, while improving the overall performance. Compared to the state of the art method, the number of instructions copied into the scratchpad memory from the main memory is reduced by 88%.

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INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  B. Hardware
  B.7 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
      B.7.1 Types and Design Styles
          Subjects: Memory technologies

Additional Classification:
  B. Hardware
  B.7 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
      B.7.2 Design Aids
          Subjects: Placement and routing
  B.8 Performance and Reliability
      B.8.2 Performance Analysis and Design Aids
  B.m MISCELLANEOUS
      Subjects: Design management

General Terms:
Design, Performance