A review of research methods in children's technology design

ABSTRACT

Research methods have been objects of discussions for decades and defining research methods is still a quite considerable challenge. However, it is important to understand research methods in different disciplines as it informs us on future directions and influences on the discipline.We conduct a survey of research methods in paper publications. 105 papers on children's technology design are classified on a two-dimensional matrix on research method and purpose. Our results show a strong focus on engineering of products as applied research and on evaluation of developed products in the field or in the lab. Also, we find that much research is conducted in natural setting environments with strong focus on field studies.

REFERENCES

• 1: Allison Druin , Cynthia Solomon, Designing multimedia environments for children: computers, creativity, and kids, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1996
• 2: Allison Druin, The design of children's technology, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, 1998
• 3: Galliers, R. D. (1990) Choosing Appropriate Information Systems Research Approaches: A Revised Taxonomy. In Proceedings of the IFIP TC8 WG8.2 Working Conference on the Information Systems Research Arena of the 90's, Copenhagen, Denmark
• 4: Kjeldskov, J. and Graham, C. (2003) A Review of MobileHCI Research Methods. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction (MobileHCI03), LNCS, pp. 317 -- 335
• 5: Michael D. Myers, Qualitative research in information systems, MIS Quarterly, v.21 n.2, p.241-242, June 1997 [doi>10.2307/249422]
• 6: Rapoport, R. N. (1970) Three Dilemmas in Action Research. Human Relations, Vol. 23(4), pp. 499 -- 513
• 7: Stone, E. (1981) Research Methods in Organization Behavior. Scott-Foresman, Chicago
• 8: Wynekoop, J. L. and Congor, A. A. (1990) A Review of Computer Aided Software Engineering Research Methods. In Proceedings of the IFIP TC8 WG8.2 Working Conference on the Information Systems Research Arena of the 90's, Copenhagen, Denmark
• 9: Yin, R. K. (1994) Case Study Research, Design and Methods, Newbury Park, 2nd edition, Sage Publications
• 10: Houman Alborzi , Allison Druin , Jaime Montemayor , Michele Platner , Jessica Porteous , Lisa Sherman , Angela Boltman , Gustav Taxén , Jack Best , Joe Hammer , Alex Kruskal , Abby Lal , Thomas Plaisant Schwenn , Lauren Sumida , Rebecca Wagner , Jim Hendler, Designing StoryRooms: interactive storytelling spaces for children, Proceedings of the conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques, p.95-104, August 17-19, 2000, New York City, New York, United States [doi>10.1145/347642.347673]
• 11: Alissa Antle, Case study: the design of CBC4Kids' StoryBuilder, Proceeding of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children, July 01-03, 2003, Preston, England [doi>10.1145/953536.953546]
• 12: Alissa Antle, Supporting children's emotional expression and exploration in online environments, Proceeding of the 2004 conference on Interaction design and children: building a community, p.97-104, June 01-03, 2004, Maryland [doi>10.1145/1017833.1017846]
• 13: Barendregt, W., Bekker, M. M., and Speerstra, M. (2003) Empirical Evaluation of Usability and Fun in Computer Games for Children. In Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 Interact '03, IOS Press, pp. 705 -- 708
• 14: Bekker, M, Beusmans, J., Keyson, D., and Lloyd, P. (2002) KidReporter: A Method for Engaging Children in Making a Newspaper to Gather User Requirements. In Proceedings of Interaction Design and Children (IDC'02)
• 15: Bekker, M, Beusmans, J., Keyson, D., and Lloyd, P. (2003) KidReporter: A User Requirements Gathering Technique for Designing with Children. Interacting with Computers, Vol. 15, pp. 187--202
• 16: Steve Benford , Benjamin B. Bederson , Karl-Petter Åkesson , Victor Bayon , Allison Druin , Pär Hansson , Juan Pablo Hourcade , Rob Ingram , Helen Neale , Claire O'Malley , Kristian T. Simsarian , Danaë Stanton , Yngve Sundblad , Gustav Taxén, Designing storytelling technologies to encouraging collaboration between young children, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.556-563, April 01-06, 2000, The Hague, The Netherlands [doi>10.1145/332040.332502]
• 17: Bernard, M. L., Chaparro, B. S., Mills, M. M., and Halcomb, C. G. (2002) Examining Children's Reading Performance and Preference for Different Computer-Displayed Text. Behaviour and Information Technology, Vol. 21 (2), pp. 87--96
• 18: Marina Umaschi Bers , Edith Ackermann , Justine Cassell , Beth Donegan , Joseph Gonzalez-Heydrich , David Ray DeMaso , Carol Strohecker , Sarah Lualdi , Dennis Bromley , Judith Karlin, Interactive storytelling environments: coping with cardiac illness at Boston's Children's Hospital, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.603-610, April 18-23, 1998, Los Angeles, California, United States [doi>10.1145/274644.274725]
• 19: Marina U. Bers , Joseph Gonzalez-Heydrich , David Ray DeMaso, Identity construction environments: supporting a virtual therapeutic community of pediatric patients undergoing dialysis, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.380-387, March 2001, Seattle, Washington, United States [doi>10.1145/365024.365302]
• 20: Rick Borovoy , Brian Silverman , Tim Gorton , Matt Notowidigdo , Brian Knep , Mitchel Resnick , Jeff Klann, Folk computing: revisiting oral tradition as a scaffold for co-present communities, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.466-473, March 2001, Seattle, Washington, United States [doi>10.1145/365024.365316]
• 21: Amy Bruckman , Elizabeth Edwards, Should we leverage natural-language knowledge? An analysis of user errors in a natural-language-style programming language, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: the CHI is the limit, p.207-214, May 15-20, 1999, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States [doi>10.1145/302979.303040]
• 22: J. Cassell , K. Ryokai, Making Space for Voice: Technologies to Support Children’s Fantasy and Storytelling, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, v.5 n.3, p.169-190, August 2001 [doi>10.1007/PL00000018]
• 23: Chen, C-H., Wu, F-G., Rau, P-L. P., and Hung, Y-H. (2004) Preferences of young children regarding interface layouts in child community web sites. Interacting with Computers, Elsevier, Volume 16(2), pp. 311 -- 330
• 24: Andy Cockburn , Saul Greenberg, The design and evolution of turbo turtle, a collaborative microworld for exploring Newtonian physics, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, v.48 n.6, p.777-801, June 1, 1998 [doi>10.1006/ijhc.1997.0179]
• 25: Arman Danesh , Kori Inkpen , Felix Lau , Keith Shu , Kellogg Booth, GeneyTM: designing a collaborative activity for the palmTM handheld computer, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.388-395, March 2001, Seattle, Washington, United States [doi>10.1145/365024.365303]
• 26: Françoise Decortis , Antonio Rizzo, New Active Tools for Supporting Narrative Structures, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, v.6 n.5-6, p.416-429, December 2002 [doi>10.1007/s007790200046]
• 27: Decortis, F., Marti, P., Moderini, C., Rizzo, A., and Rutgers, J. (2002) Disappearing Computer, Emerging Creativity: An Educational Environment for Cooperative Story Building. In Proceedings of Interaction Design and Children (IDC'02)
• 28: Decortis, F., Rizzo, A., and Saudelli, B. (2003) Mediating Effects of Active and Distributed Instruments on Narrative Activities. Interacting with Computers, Vol. 15(6), pp. 801 -- 830
• 29: Afke Donker , Pieter Reitsma, Usability testing with young children, Proceeding of the 2004 conference on Interaction design and children: building a community, p.43-48, June 01-03, 2004, Maryland [doi>10.1145/1017833.1017839]
• 30: Allison Druin , Jason Stewart , David Proft , Ben Bederson , Jim Hollan, KidPad: a design collaboration between children, technologists, and educators, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.463-470, March 22-27, 1997, Atlanta, Georgia, United States [doi>10.1145/258549.258866]
• 31: Allison Druin, Cooperative inquiry: developing new technologies for children with children, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: the CHI is the limit, p.592-599, May 15-20, 1999, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States [doi>10.1145/302979.303166]
• 32: Allison Druin , Jamie Montemayor , Jim Hendler , Britt McAlister , Angela Boltman , Eric Fiterman , Aurelie Plaisant , Alex Kruskal , Hanne Olsen , Isabella Revett , Thomas Plaisant Schwenn , Lauren Sumida , Rebecca Wagner, Designing PETS: a personal electronic teller of stories, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: the CHI is the limit, p.326-329, May 15-20, 1999, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States [doi>10.1145/302979.303103]
• 33: Allison Druin , Kori Inkpen, When are Personal Technologies for Children?, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, v.5 n.3, p.191-194, August 2001 [doi>10.1007/s007790170008]
• 34: M. Eisenberg , A. Eisenberg , S. Hendrix , G. Blauvelt , D. Butter , J. Garcia , R. Lewis , T. Nielsen, As we may print: new directions in output devices and computational crafts for children, Proceeding of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children, July 01-03, 2003, Preston, England [doi>10.1145/953536.953543]
• 35: Michael Eisenberg, Tangible ideas for children: materials sciences as the future of educational technology, Proceeding of the 2004 conference on Interaction design and children: building a community, p.19-26, June 01-03, 2004, Maryland [doi>10.1145/1017833.1017836]
• 36: Jason B. Ellis , Amy S. Bruckman, Designing palaver tree online: supporting social roles in a community of oral history, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.474-481, March 2001, Seattle, Washington, United States [doi>10.1145/365024.365317]
• 37: Fels, D. I., Waalen, J. K., Zhai, S., and Weiss, P. T. (2001) Teleprresence Under Exceptional Circumstances: Enriching the Connection to School for Sick Children. In Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 Interact '01, IOS Press, pp. 617 -- 624
• 38: Shalom M. Fisch, What's so "new" about "new media?": comparing effective features of children's educational software, television, and magazines, Proceeding of the 2004 conference on Interaction design and children: building a community, p.105-111, June 01-03, 2004, Maryland [doi>10.1145/1017833.1017847]
• 39: Phil Frei , Victor Su , Bakhtiar Mikhak , Hiroshi Ishii, curlybot: designing a new class of computational toys, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.129-136, April 01-06, 2000, The Hague, The Netherlands [doi>10.1145/332040.332416]
• 40: David M. Frohlich , Susan Dray , Amy Silverman, Breaking up is hard to do: family perspectives on the future of the home PC, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, v.54 n.5, p.701-724, May 1 2001 [doi>10.1006/ijhc.2000.0436]
• 41: Lorna Gibson , Fay Newall , Peter Gregor, Developing a web authoring tool that promotes accessibility in children's designs, Proceeding of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children, July 01-03, 2003, Preston, England [doi>10.1145/953536.953542]
• 42: Matthew G. Gorbet , Maggie Orth , Hiroshi Ishii, Triangles: tangible interface for manipulation and exploration of digital information topography, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.49-56, April 18-23, 1998, Los Angeles, California, United States [doi>10.1145/274644.274652]
• 43: Mona Leigh Guha , Allison Druin , Gene Chipman , Jerry Alan Fails , Sante Simms , Allison Farber, Mixing ideas: a new technique for working with young children as design partners, Proceeding of the 2004 conference on Interaction design and children: building a community, p.35-42, June 01-03, 2004, Maryland [doi>10.1145/1017833.1017838]
• 44: Hamman, E. and Hennessey, J. M. (2002) How to Attract Early Teens to Your Mobile Network. In Proceedings of Interaction Design and Children (IDC'02)
• 45: Libby Hanna , Denise Neapolitan , Kirsten Risden, Evaluating computer game concepts with children, Proceeding of the 2004 conference on Interaction design and children: building a community, p.49-56, June 01-03, 2004, Maryland [doi>10.1145/1017833.1017840]
• 46: Hourcade, J. P., Bederson, B. B., Druin, A., Rose, A., Farber, A., and Takayama, Y. (2002) The International Children's Digital Library: Viewing Digital Books Online. In Proceedings of Interaction Design and Children (IDC'02)
• 47: Hourcade, J. P., Bederson, B. B., Druin, A., Rose, A., Farber, A., and Takayama, Y. (2003) The International Children's Digital Library: Viewing Digital Books Online. Interacting with Computers, Vol. 15, pp. 151--167
• 48: Juan Pablo Hourcade , Benjamin B. Bederson , Allison Druin , François Guimbretière, Differences in pointing task performance between preschool children and adults using mice, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), v.11 n.4, p.357-386, December 2004 [doi>10.1145/1035575.1035577]
• 49: Höysniemi, J., Hämäläinen, P., and Turkki, L. (2002) Using Peer Tutoring in Evaluating Usability of Physically Interactive Computer Game with Children. In Proceedings of Interaction Design and Children (IDC'02)
• 50: Höysniemi, J., Hämäläinen, P., and Turkki, L. (2003) Using Peer Tutoring in Evaluating the Usability of a Physically Interactive Computer Game with Children. Interacting with Computers, Vol. 15, pp. 203--225
• 51: Johanna Höysniemi , Perttu Hämäläinen , Laura Turkki, Wizard of Oz prototyping of computer vision based action games for children, Proceeding of the 2004 conference on Interaction design and children: building a community, p.27-34, June 01-03, 2004, Maryland [doi>10.1145/1017833.1017837]
• 52: Kori M. Inkpen, Drag-and-drop versus point-and-click mouse interaction styles for children, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), v.8 n.1, p.1-33, March 2001 [doi>10.1145/371127.371146]
• 53: Isomursu, M., Isomursu, P., and Still, K. (2004) Capturing tacit knowledge from young girls. Interacting with Computers, Elsevier, Volume 16(3), pp. 431 -- 449
• 54: Iversen, O. S. (2002) Designing with Children. The Video Camera as an Instrument of Provocation. In Proceedings of the Interaction Design and Children (IDC'02)
• 55: Jacko, J. A. (1996) The Identifiability of Auditory Icons for Use in Educational Software for Children. Interacting with Computers, Vol. 8 (2), pp. 121--133
• 56: Michael Patrick Johnson , Andrew Wilson , Bruce Blumberg , Christopher Kline , Aaron Bobick, Sympathetic interfaces: using a plush toy to direct synthetic characters, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: the CHI is the limit, p.152-158, May 15-20, 1999, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States [doi>10.1145/302979.303028]
• 57: Claire Jones , Louise McIver , Lorna Gibson , Peter Gregor, Experiences obtained from designing with children, Proceeding of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children, July 01-03, 2003, Preston, England [doi>10.1145/953536.953547]
• 58: Nancy Kaplan , Yoram Chisik , Kendra Knudtzon , Rahul Kulkarni , Stuart Moulthrop , Kathryn Summers , Holly Weeks, Supporting sociable literacy in the international children's digital library, Proceeding of the 2004 conference on Interaction design and children: building a community, p.89-96, June 01-03, 2004, Maryland [doi>10.1145/1017833.1017845]
• 59: Ilse E. H. van Kesteren , Mathilde M. Bekker , Arnold P. O. S. Vermeeren , Peter A. Lloyd, Assessing usability evaluation methods on their effectiveness to elicit verbal comments from children subjects, Proceeding of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children, July 01-03, 2003, Preston, England [doi>10.1145/953536.953544]
• 60: Sang-Hwan Kim , Amy Chung , Joon-Ho Ok , In-Sik Myung , Hyun Joo Kang , Joo-Kyung Woo , Mi Jeong Kim, Communication enhancer—appliances for better communication in a family, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, v.8 n.3-4, p.221-226, July 2004 [doi>10.1007/s00779-004-0281-z]
• 61: Kindborg, M. (2002) Comics, Programming, Children, and Narratives. In Proceedings of Interaction Design and Children (IDC'02)
• 62: Kendra Knudtzon , Allison Druin , Nancy Kaplan , Kathryn Summers , Yoram Chisik , Rahul Kulkarni , Stuart Moulthrop , Holly Weeks , Ben Bederson, Starting an intergenerational technology design team: a case study, Proceeding of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children, July 01-03, 2003, Preston, England [doi>10.1145/953536.953545]
• 63: James C. Lester , Sharolyn A. Converse , Susan E. Kahler , S. Todd Barlow , Brian A. Stone , Ravinder S. Bhogal, The persona effect: affective impact of animated pedagogical agents, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.359-366, March 22-27, 1997, Atlanta, Georgia, United States [doi>10.1145/258549.258797]
• 64: Clayton Lewis , Cathy Brand , Gina Cherry , Cyndi Rader, Adapting user interface design methods to the design of educational activities, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.619-626, April 18-23, 1998, Los Angeles, California, United States [doi>10.1145/274644.274727]
• 65: Rich Ling, “We Release Them Little by Little”: Maturation and Gender Identity as Seen in the Use of Mobile Telephony, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, v.5 n.2, p.123-136, July 2001 [doi>10.1007/s007790170015]
• 66: Ben Loh , Josh Radinsky , Eric Russell , Louis M. Gomez , Brian J. Reiser , Daniel C. Edelson, The progress portfolio: designing reflective tools for a classroom context, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.627-634, April 18-23, 1998, Los Angeles, California, United States [doi>10.1145/274644.274728]
• 67: Maruricio Lumbreras , Jaime Sánchez, Interactive 3D sound hyperstories for blind children, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: the CHI is the limit, p.318-325, May 15-20, 1999, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States [doi>10.1145/302979.303101]
• 68: Markopoulos, P. and Bekker, M. (2002) How to Compare Usability Testing Methods with Children Participants. In Proceedings of Interaction Design and Children (IDC'02)
• 69: Markopoulos, P. and Bekker, M. (2003) On the Assessment of Usability Testing Methods for Children. Interacting with Computers, Vol. 15, pp. 227--243
• 70: Paul Marshall , Sara Price , Yvonne Rogers, Conceptualising tangibles to support learning, Proceeding of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children, July 01-03, 2003, Preston, England [doi>10.1145/953536.953551]
• 71: Joanne McElligott , Lieselotte van Leeuwen, Designing sound tools and toys for blind and visually impaired children, Proceeding of the 2004 conference on Interaction design and children: building a community, p.65-72, June 01-03, 2004, Maryland [doi>10.1145/1017833.1017842]
• 72: Timothy S. McNerney, From turtles to Tangible Programming Bricks: explorations in physical language design, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, v.8 n.5, p.326-337, September 2004 [doi>10.1007/s00779-004-0295-6]
• 73: Scott Milne , Lorna Gibson , Peter Gregor , Ken Keighren, Pupil consultation online: developing a web-based questionnaire system, Proceeding of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children, July 01-03, 2003, Preston, England [doi>10.1145/953536.953554]
• 74: Tom Moher , Andrew Johnson , Stellan Ohlsson , Mark Gillingham, Bridging strategies for VR-based learning, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: the CHI is the limit, p.536-543, May 15-20, 1999, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States [doi>10.1145/302979.303153]
• 75: Jaime Montemayor , Allison Druin , Allison Farber , Sante Simms , Wayne Churaman , Allison D'Amour, Physical programming: designing tools for children to create physical interactive environments, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves, April 20-25, 2002, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA [doi>10.1145/503376.503430]
• 76: Ann Mäkelä , Verena Giller , Manfred Tscheligi , Reinhard Sefelin, Joking, storytelling, artsharing, expressing affection: a field trial of how children and their social network communicate with digital images in leisure time, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.548-555, April 01-06, 2000, The Hague, The Netherlands [doi>10.1145/332040.332499]
• 77: Ron Oosterholt , Mieko Kusano , Govert de Vries, Interaction design and human factors support in the development of a personal communicator for children, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: common ground, p.450-457, April 13-18, 1996, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada [doi>10.1145/238386.238603]
• 78: Saila Ovaska , Pentti Hietala , Marjatta Kangassalo, Electronic whiteboard in kindergarten: opportunities and requirements, Proceeding of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children, July 01-03, 2003, Preston, England [doi>10.1145/953536.953541]
• 79: Sharon Oviatt , Courtney Darves , Rachel Coulston, Toward adaptive conversational interfaces: Modeling speech convergence with animated personas, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), v.11 n.3, p.300-328, September 2004 [doi>10.1145/1017494.1017498]
• 80: Ana Paiva , Gerd Andersson , Kristina Höök , Dário Mourão , Marco Costa , Carlos Martinho, SenToy in FantasyA: Designing an Affective Sympathetic Interface to a Computer Game, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, v.6 n.5-6, p.378-389, December 2002 [doi>10.1007/s007790200043]
• 81: Price, S., Rogers, Y., Scaife, M., Stanton, D., and Neale, H. (2002) Using 'Tangibles' to Promote Novel Forms of Playful Learning. In Proceedings of Interaction Design and Children (IDC'02)
• 82: Price, S., Rogers, Y., Scaife, M., Stanton, D., and Neale, H. (2003) Using 'Tangibles' to Promote Novel Forms of Playful Learning. Interacting with Computers, Vol. 15, pp. 169--185
• 83: Cyndi Rader , Cathy Brand , Clayton Lewis, Degrees of comprehension: children's understanding of a visual programming environment, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.351-358, March 22-27, 1997, Atlanta, Georgia, United States [doi>10.1145/258549.258793]
• 84: Hayes Solos Raffle , Amanda J. Parkes , Hiroshi Ishii, Topobo: a constructive assembly system with kinetic memory, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.647-654, April 24-29, 2004, Vienna, Austria [doi>10.1145/985692.985774]
• 85: Cliff Randell , Sara Price , Yvonne Rogers , Eric Harris , Geraldine Fitzpatrick, The Ambient Horn: designing a novel audio-based learning experience, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, v.8 n.3-4, p.177-183, July 2004 [doi>10.1007/s00779-004-0275-x]
• 86: Janet C. Read , Stuart MacFarlane , Chris Casey, What's going on?: discovering what children understand about handwriting recognition interfaces, Proceeding of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children, July 01-03, 2003, Preston, England [doi>10.1145/953536.953555]
• 87: Janet C Read , Stuart MacFarlane , Peggy Gregory, Requirements for the design of a handwriting recognition based writing interface for children, Proceeding of the 2004 conference on Interaction design and children: building a community, p.81-87, June 01-03, 2004, Maryland [doi>10.1145/1017833.1017844]
• 88: Mitchel Resnick , Fred Martin , Robert Berg , Rick Borovoy , Vanessa Colella , Kwin Kramer , Brian Silverman, Digital manipulatives: new toys to think with, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.281-287, April 18-23, 1998, Los Angeles, California, United States [doi>10.1145/274644.274684]
• 89: Kirsten Risden , Mary Czerwinski , Stephanie Worley , Lynda Hamilton , Joe Kubiniec , Hunter Hoffman , Nancy Mickel , Elizabeth Loftus, Interactive advertising: patterns of use and effectiveness, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.219-224, April 18-23, 1998, Los Angeles, California, United States [doi>10.1145/274644.274676]
• 90: Judy Robertson , Judith Good, Ghostwriter: a narrative virtual environment for children, Proceeding of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children, July 01-03, 2003, Preston, England [doi>10.1145/953536.953549]
• 91: Judy Robertson , Judith Good, Children's narrative development through computer game authoring, Proceeding of the 2004 conference on Interaction design and children: building a community, p.57-64, June 01-03, 2004, Maryland [doi>10.1145/1017833.1017841]
• 92: Jennifer A. Rode , Mark Stringer , Eleanor F. Toye , Amanda R. Simpson , Alan F. Blackwell, Curriculum-focused design, Proceeding of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children, July 01-03, 2003, Preston, England [doi>10.1145/953536.953553]
• 93: Y. Rogers , S. Price , G. Fitzpatrick , R. Fleck , E. Harris , H. Smith , C. Randell , H. Muller , C. O'Malley , D. Stanton , M. Thompson , M. Weal, Ambient wood: designing new forms of digital augmentation for learning outdoors, Proceeding of the 2004 conference on Interaction design and children: building a community, p.3-10, June 01-03, 2004, Maryland [doi>10.1145/1017833.1017834]
• 94: Kimiko Ryokai , Stefan Marti , Hiroshi Ishii, I/O brush: drawing with everyday objects as ink, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.303-310, April 24-29, 2004, Vienna, Austria [doi>10.1145/985692.985731]
• 95: Sadler Takach, B. and Varnhagen, C. (2002) Partnering with Children to Develop Design Guidelines for an Interactive Encyclopedia. In Proceedings of Interaction Design and Children (IDC'02)
• 96: Michael Scaife , Yvonne Rogers , Frances Aldrich , Matt Davies, Designing for or designing with? Informant design for interactive learning environments, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.343-350, March 22-27, 1997, Atlanta, Georgia, United States [doi>10.1145/258549.258789]
• 97: Mike Scaife , Yvonne Rogers, Informing the design of a virtual environment to support learning in children, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, v.55 n.2, p.115-143, August 2001 [doi>10.1006/ijhc.2001.0473]
• 98: Mike Sharples , Dan Corlett , Oliver Westmancott, The Design and Implementation of a Mobile Learning Resource, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, v.6 n.3, p.220-234, May 2002 [doi>10.1007/s007790200021]
• 99: Sheehan, R. (1995) Incremental Control of a Children's Computing Environment. In Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 Interact '99, IOS Press, pp. 504 -- 509
• 100: Robert Sheehan, Children's perception of computer programming as an aid to designing programming environments, Proceeding of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children, July 01-03, 2003, Preston, England [doi>10.1145/953536.953548]
• 101: R. J. W. Sluis , I. Weevers , C. H. G. J. van Schijndel , L. Kolos-Mazuryk , S. Fitrianie , J. B. O. S. Martens, Read-It: five-to-seven-year-old children learn to read in a tabletop environment, Proceeding of the 2004 conference on Interaction design and children: building a community, p.73-80, June 01-03, 2004, Maryland [doi>10.1145/1017833.1017843]
• 102: Brian K. Smith , Brian J. Reiser, National Geographic unplugged: classroom-centered design of interactive nature films, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.424-431, April 18-23, 1998, Los Angeles, California, United States [doi>10.1145/274644.274702]
• 103: Danae Stanton , Victor Bayon , Helen Neale , Ahmed Ghali , Steve Benford , Sue Cobb , Rob Ingram , Claire O'Malley , John Wilson , Tony Pridmore, Classroom collaboration in the design of tangible interfaces for storytelling, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.482-489, March 2001, Seattle, Washington, United States [doi>10.1145/365024.365322]
• 104: Jason Stewart , Benjamin B. Bederson , Allison Druin, Single display groupware: a model for co-present collaboration, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: the CHI is the limit, p.286-293, May 15-20, 1999, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States [doi>10.1145/302979.303064]
• 105: Mark Stringer , Eleanor F. Toye , Jennifer A. Rode , Alan F. Blackwell, Teaching rhetorical skills with a tangible user interface, Proceeding of the 2004 conference on Interaction design and children: building a community, p.11-18, June 01-03, 2004, Maryland [doi>10.1145/1017833.1017835]
• 106: Strommen, E. F., Revelle, G. L., Medoff, L. M., and Razavi, S. (1996) Slow and Steady Wins the Race? Three-Year-Old Children and Pointing Device Use. Behaviour and Information Technology, Vol. 15 (1), pp. 57--64
• 107: Erik Strommen, When the interface is a talking dinosaur: learning across media with ActiMates Barney, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.288-295, April 18-23, 1998, Los Angeles, California, United States [doi>10.1145/274644.274685]
• 108: Erik Strommen , Kristin Alexander, Emotional interfaces for interactive aardvarks: designing affect into social interfaces for children, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: the CHI is the limit, p.528-535, May 15-20, 1999, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States [doi>10.1145/302979.303152]
• 109: Taxén, G, Druin, A., Fast, C., and Kjellin, M. (2001) KidStory: A Technology Design Partnership with Children. Behaviour and Information Technology, Vol. 20 (2), pp. 119--125
• 110: Vermeeren, A. P. O. S., van Kesteren, I. E. H., and Bekker, M. M. (2003) Managing the Evaluator Effect in User Testing. In Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 Interact '03, IOS Press, pp. 647 -- 654
• 111: Patrice L. (Tamar) Weiss , Carolynn P. Whiteley , Jutta Treviranus , Deborah I. Fels, PEBBLES: A Personal Technology for Meeting Educational, Social and Emotional Needs of Hospitalised Children, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, v.5 n.3, p.157-168, August 2001 [doi>10.1007/s007790170006]
• 112: Morris Williams , Owain Jones , Constance Fleuriot, Wearable computing and the geographies of urban childhood: working with children to explore the potential of new technology, Proceeding of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children, July 01-03, 2003, Preston, England [doi>10.1145/953536.953552]
• 113: Wyeth, P. and Wyeth, G. (2001) Electronic Blocks: Tangible Programming Elements for Preschoolers. In Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 Interact '01, IOS Press, pp. 496 -- 503
• 114: Peta Wyeth , Helen C. Purchase, Using developmental theories to inform the design of technology for children, Proceeding of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children, July 01-03, 2003, Preston, England [doi>10.1145/953536.953550]

INDEX TERMS

Keywords:
HCI, children's technologies, research methods