Generalized contextualization method for XML information retrieval

ABSTRACT

A general re-weighting method, called contextualization, for more efficient element ranking in XML retrieval is introduced. Re-weighting is based on the idea of using the ancestors of an element as a context: if the element appears in a good context -- good interpreted as probability of relevance -- its weight is increased in relevance scoring; if the element appears in a bad context, its weight is decreased. The formal presentation of contextualization is given in a general XML representation and manipulation frame, which is based on utilization of structural indices. This provides a general approach independent of weighting schemas or query languages.Contextualization is evaluated with the INEX test collection. We tested four runs: no contextualization, parent, root and tower contextualizations. The contextualization runs were significantly better than no contextualization. The root contextualization was the best among the re-weighted runs.

REFERENCES

• 1: James P. Callan, Passage-level evidence in document retrieval, Proceedings of the 17th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval, p.302-310, July 03-06, 1994, Dublin, Ireland
• 2: Fuhr, N., Malik, S., and Lalmas, M. Overview of the initiative for the evaluation of XML retrieval (INEX) 2003. In INEX 2003 Workshop Proc., 2003, 1--11. Retrieved 13.1.2005 from http://inex.is.informatik.uni-duisburg.de:2003/proceedings.pdf
• 3: Gövert, N., Abolhassani, M., Fuhr, N., and Grossjohan, K. Content-oriented XML retrieval with HyRex. In Proc. of the First Workshop of the Initiative for the Evaluation of XML Retrieval (INEX), 2002, 26--32. Retrieved 27.1.2005 from http://qmir.dcs.qmul.ac.uk/inex/Workshop.html
• 4: Gövert, N., and Kazai, G. Overview of the INitiative for the Evaluation of XML retrieval (INEX) 2002. In Proc. of the First Workshop of the Initiative for the Evaluation of XML Retrieval (INEX), 2002, 1--17. Retrieved 27.1.2005 from http://qmir.dcs.qmul.ac.uk/inex/Workshop.html
• 5: Hawking, D., Thistlewaite, P., and Craswell, P. ANU/ACSys TREC-6 experiments. In Proc. of TREC-6, 1998. Retrieved 10.3.2004 from http://trec.nist.gov/pubs/trec6/papers/anu.ps
• 6: ISO/IEC 14977. International standard ISO/IEC 14977 : 1996(E). Extended BNF. Draft, 1996.
• 7: Marko Junkkari, PSE: An Object-Oriented Representation for Modeling and Managing Part-of Relationships, Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, v.25 n.2, p.131-157, September 2005 [doi>10.1007/s10844-005-0860-0]
• 8: Marcin Kaszkiel , Justin Zobel , Ron Sacks-Davis, Efficient passage ranking for document databases, ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), v.17 n.4, p.406-439, Oct. 1999 [doi>10.1145/326440.326445]
• 9: Kazai, G. Lalmas, M, and Malik, S. INEX'03 guidelines for topic development. In INEX 2003 Workshop Proc., 2003, 192--199. Retrieved 21.1.2005 from http://inex.is.informatik.uni-duisburg.de: 2003/internal/downloads/INEXTopicDevGuide.pdf
• 10: Kazai, G., Lalmas, M., and Piwowarski, B. INEX 2004 Relevance Assessment Guide. In INEX 2004 Workshop Pre-Proc., 2004, 241--248. Retrieved 18.1.2005 from http://inex.is.informatik.uni-duisburg.de: 2004/pdf/INEX2004PreProceedings.pdf
• 11: Kekäläinen, J., Junkkari, M., Arvola, P., and Aalto, T. TRIX 2004: Struggling with the overlap. In Advances in XML Information Retrieval: Third International Workshop of the Initiative for the Evaluation of XML Retrieval, INEX 2004. LNCS 3493. Springer, Heidelberg, 2005, 127--139.
• 12: Shaorong Liu , Qinghua Zou , Wesley W. Chu, Configurable indexing and ranking for XML information retrieval, Proceedings of the 27th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval, July 25-29, 2004, Sheffield, United Kingdom [doi>10.1145/1008992.1009010]
• 13: Malik, S., Lalmas, M., and Fuhr, N. Overview of INEX 2004. In Advances in XML Information Retrieval: Third International Workshop of the Initiative for the Evaluation of XML Retrieval, INEX 2004. LNCS 3493. Springer, Heidelberg, 2005, 1--15.
• 14: Mass, Y., and Mandelbrod, M. Component ranking and automatic query refinement for XML retrieval. In Advances in XML Information Retrieval: Third International Workshop of the Initiative for the Evaluation of XML Retrieval, INEX 2004. LNCS 3493. Springer, Heidelberg, 2005, 73--84.
• 15: McCallum, A., and Nigam, K. Text classification by bootstrapping with keywords, EM and shrinkage. In Proc. of ACL 99 Workshop for Unsupervised Learning in Natural Language Processing. 1999, 52--58.
• 16: Niemi, T. A seven-tuple representation for hierarchical data structures. Information Systems, 8(3), 1983, 151--157.
• 17: Niemi, T., and Järvelin K. The processing strategy for the NF2 relational FRC-interface. Information & Software Technology, 38, 1996, 11--24.
• 18: Ogilvie, P., and Callan, J. Hierarchical language models for XML component retrieval. In Advances in XML Information Retrieval: Third International Workshop of the Initiative for the Evaluation of XML Retrieval, INEX 2004. LNCS 3493. Springer, Heidelberg, 2005, 224--237.
• 19: Robertson S.E., Walker, S., Jones, S., Hancock-Beaulieu, M.M., and Gatford, M. Okapi at TREC-3. In NIST Special Publication 500-226: Overview of the Third Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-3). 1994. Retrieved 21.11.2004 from http://trec.nist.gov/pubs/trec3/papers/city.ps.gz
• 20: Sigurbjörnsson, B., Kamps J., and de Rijke, M. An element-based approach to XML retrieval. In INEX 2003 Workshop Proc., 2003, 19--26.
• 21: Igor Tatarinov , Stratis D. Viglas , Kevin Beyer , Jayavel Shanmugasundaram , Eugene Shekita , Chun Zhang, Storing and querying ordered XML using a relational database system, Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, June 03-06, 2002, Madison, Wisconsin [doi>10.1145/564691.564715]
• 22: de Vries, A.P, Kazai, G., and Lalmas, M. Evaluation metrics 2004. In INEX 2004 Workshop Pre-proc., 2004, 249--250. Retrieved 18.1.2005 from http://inex.is.informatik.uni-duisburg.de:2004/pdf/INEX2004PreProceedings.pdf

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  H. Information Systems
  H.3 INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL
      H.3.3 Information Search and Retrieval
          Subjects: Retrieval models

Additional Classification:
  E. Data
  E.1 DATA STRUCTURES
      Subjects: Trees
  E.5 FILES
      Subjects: Organization/structure

  H. Information Systems
  H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
      H.2.1 Logical Design
          Subjects: Data models
  H.3 INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL
      H.3.4 Systems and Software
          Subjects: Performance evaluation (efficiency and effectiveness)

General Terms:
Design, Experimentation, Languages, Management, Measurement, Performance

Keywords:
Dewey ordering, XML, contextualization, re-weighting, semi-structured data, structural indices, structured documents