|
ABSTRACT
We address the difficult open problem of emulating the rich complexity of real pedestrians in urban environments. Our artificial life approach integrates motor, perceptual, behavioral, and cognitive components within a model of pedestrians as individuals. Our comprehensive model feature innovations in these components, as well as in their combination, yielding results of unprecedented fidelity and complexity for fully autonomous multi-human simulation in a large urban environment. We represent the environment using hierarchical data structures, which efficiently support the perceptual queries of the autonomous pedestrians that drive their behavioral responses and sustain their ability to plan their actions on local and global scales.
REFERENCES
Note: OCR errors may be found in this Reference List extracted from the full text article. ACM has opted to expose the complete List rather than only correct and linked references.
| |
1
|
{ALA*01} Ashida K., Lee S., Allbeck J., Sun H., Badler N., Metaxas D.: Pedestrians: Creating agent behaviors through statistical analysis of observation data. In Proc. IEEE Conf. on Computer Animation (Seoul. Korea, 2001), pp. 84--92.
|
| |
2
|
{BA00} Blue V., Adler J.: Cellular automata model of emergent collective bi-directional pedestrian dynamics. In Proc. Artificial Life VII (August 2000), pp. 437--445.
|
| |
3
|
{BJTG98} Batty M., Jiang B., Thurstain-Goodwin M.: Local movement: Agent-based models of pedestrian flow. Center for Advanced Spatial Analysis Working Paper Series 4 (1998).
|
| |
4
|
{BMS04} Botea A., Müller M., Schaeffer J.: Near optimal hierarchical path-finding. Journal of Game Development 1, 1 (2004), 7--28.
|
| |
5
|
|
| |
6
|
{FMS*00} Farenc N., Musse S., Schweiss E., KALLMANN M., AUNE O., BOULIC R., THALMANN D.: A paradigm for controlling virtual humans in urban environment simulations. Applied Artificial Intelligence 14, 1 (2000), 69--91.
|
| |
7
|
|
| |
8
|
{GKM*01} Goldenstein S., Karavelas M., Metaxas D., Guibas L., Aaron E., Goswami A.: Scalable nonlinear dynamical systems for agent steering and crowd simulation. Computers & Graphics 25, 6 (2001), 983--998.
|
| |
9
|
{GM85} Gipps G., Marksjo B.: A micro-simulation model for pedestrian flows. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 27 (1985), 95--105.
|
| |
10
|
{HM95} Helbing D., Molnar P.: Social force model for pedestrian dynamics. Physical Review 51, 5 (1995), 4282--4286.
|
| |
11
|
{KCR98} Koechling J., Crane A., Raibert M.: Applications of realistic human entities using DI-Guy. In Proc. Spring Simulation Interoperability Workshop (Orlando, FL., 1998).
|
| |
12
|
{LD04} Lamarche F., Donikian S.: Crowd of virtual humans: A new approach for real time navigation in complex and structured environments. Computer Graphics Forum 23, 3 (2004), 509--518.
|
| |
13
|
|
| |
14
|
{Lov93} Lovas G. G.: Modeling and simulation of pedestrian traffic flow. In Proc. European Simulation Multiconference (1993).
|
| |
15
|
A. Bryan Loyall , W. Scott Neal Reilly , Joseph Bates , Peter Weyhrauch, System for authoring highly interactive, personality-rich interactive characters, Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation, August 27-29, 2004, Grenoble, France
[doi> 10.1145/1028523.1028532]
|
| |
16
|
|
| |
17
|
|
| |
18
|
{NRTMT95} Noser H., Renault O., Thalmann D., Magnenat-Thalmann N.: Navigation for digital actors based on synthetic vision, memory and learning. Computers and Graphics 19, 1 (1995).
|
 |
19
|
|
| |
20
|
{Rey99} Reynolds C. W.: Steering behaviors for autonomous characters. In Proc. Game Developers Conf. (1999), pp. 763--782.
|
| |
21
|
{Sch02} Schadschneider A.: Traffic flow: A statistical physics point of view. Physica A313 (2002), 153--187.
|
| |
22
|
{SE01} Schreckenberg M., (EDS.) S. S.: Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics. Springer-Verlag, 2001.
|
| |
23
|
{SGC04} Sung M., Gleicher M., Chenney S.: Scalable behaviors for crowd simulation. Computer Graphics Forum 23, 3 (2004), 519--528.
|
| |
24
|
{ST05} Shao W., Terzopoulos D.: Environmental modeling for autonomous virtual pedestrians. In SAE Symposium on Digital Human Modeling for Design and Engineering. (Iowa City, IA, 2005).
|
 |
25
|
Bill Tomlinson , Marc Downie , Matt Berlin , Jesse Gray , Derek Lyons , Jennie Cochran , Bruce Blumberg, Leashing the AlphaWolves: mixing user direction with autonomous emotion in a pack of semi-autonomous virtual characters, Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation, July 21-22, 2002, San Antonio, Texas
[doi> 10.1145/545261.545263]
|
 |
26
|
|
| |
27
|
|
CITED BY 26
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jur van den Berg , Sachin Patil , Jason Sewall , Dinesh Manocha , Ming Lin, Interactive navigation of multiple agents in crowded environments, Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games, February 15-17, 2008, Redwood City, California
|
|
|
|
|
|
Avneesh Sud , Russell Gayle , Erik Andersen , Stephen Guy , Ming Lin , Dinesh Manocha, Real-time navigation of independent agents using adaptive roadmaps, Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology, November 05-07, 2007, Newport Beach, California
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ben Sunshine-Hill , Jan Allbeck , Nuria Pelechano , Norm Badler, Generating plausible individual agent movements from spatio-temporal occupancy data, Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Massive datasets, p.5-7, November 15-15, 2007, Nagoya, Japan
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Avneesh Sud , Russell Gayle , Erik Andersen , Stephen Guy , Ming Lin , Dinesh Manocha, Real-time navigation of independent agents using adaptive roadmaps, ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 classes, August 11-15, 2008, Los Angeles, California
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Lozano , P. Morillo , J. M. Orduña , V. Cavero , G. Vigueras, A new system architecture for crowd simulation, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, v.32 n.2, p.474-482, March, 2009
|
|
|
Flora Ponjou Tasse , Kevin Glass , Shaun Bangay, Simulating crowd phenomena in African markets, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Virtual Reality, Visualisation and Interaction in Africa, February 04-06, 2009, Pretoria, South Africa
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|