Characterization of the impact of interconnect design on the capacitive load driven by a global clock distribution

ABSTRACT

Power reduction techniques are a critical issue in the design of today's ULSI chips. This paper is concerned with methods to characterize the capacitive load on the POWER4 on-chip global clock distribution [1], which is a large contributor to the overall chip power dissipation. A characterization of the capacitive load is needed because the contributions of the on-chip devices and interconnections are typically overestimated and are not well understood for high performance microprocessors. One problem that results from the lack of this information is excessively high power dissipation in the chip global clock distribution; the global clock distribution is over-designed and stronger than necessary to drive the actual (lower) chip load. Information about the capacitive load is difficult to obtain because the data volume is large, and extracting the interconnect data is a complex task. Sophisticated computer software is needed to extract the circuit and physical design data for hundreds of devices and wire segments within the chip design schedule.This paper presents the first comprehensive characterization of the clock load for ASIC-like control logic designs in the 1.3GHz POWER4 microprocessor core [1], [2]. This characterization was achieved with the use of sophisticated software written for this study to accomplish the task of extracting the data from these designs. Analysis of the data shows that the wire contribution to the chip capacitive load is significant and can increase the capacitive load of a design by 30% on average and by as much as 130% for some designs. The results also suggest that the wire load contribution on each metal layer can be reduced if an alternate interconnect design style is selected. Two alternate design styles are presented and show that a capacitive load reduction of 8.4% to 20% is expected for each design. Extended to the entire chip, the results show that the load reduction for the core is expected to be as high as 10%. These values are large enough that one alternate design style has been implemented in the design methodology of future chips.

REFERENCES

• 1: P. J. Restle et al., "The clock distribution of the POWER4 microprocessor," in Proc. ISSCC, San Francisco, CA, Feb. 2002, pp. 144--145.
• 2: J. D. Warnock et al., "The circuit and physical design of the POWER4 microprocessor," IBM J. Res. Dev., vol. 46, pp. 27--51, Jan. 2002.
• 3: V. Mehrotra, D. Boning, "Technology scaling impact of variation on clock skew and interconnect delay", in Proc. IITC, Burlingame, CA, 2001, pp. 122--124.
• 4: P. J. Restle, T. G. McNamara, D. A. Webber, P. J. Camporese, K. F. Eng, K. A. Jenkins, D. H. Allen, M. J. Rohn, M. P. Quaranta, D. W. Boerstler, C. J. Alpert, C. A. Carter, R. N. Bailey, J. G. Petrovick, B. L. Krauter, and B. D. McCredie, "A clock distribution network for microprocessors," IEEE Jnl. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 36, May 2001, pp. 792--799.
• 5: G. G. Lopez, G. Fiorenza, T. Bucelot, P. Restle, M. Y. Lanzerotti, IBM Austin Conf. on Energy-Efficient Design (ACEED), Austin, TX, Mar. 2004. Poster.
• 6: H. B. Bakoglu, Circuits, Interconnections, and Packaging for VLSI. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1990.
• 7: G. Plumb, Private Communication, 2002.

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  B. Hardware
  B.7 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
      B.7.2 Design Aids
          Subjects: Layout

Additional Classification:
  B. Hardware
  B.7 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
      B.7.2 Design Aids
          Subjects: Placement and routing

General Terms:
Algorithms, Design, Experimentation

Keywords:
application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), clock, load capacitance, power dissipation, routing