A wireless sensor network For structural monitoring

ABSTRACT

Structural monitoring---the collection and analysis of structural response to ambient or forced excitation--is an important application of networked embedded sensing with significant commercial potential. The first generation of sensor networks for structural monitoring are likely to be data acquisition systems that collect data at a single node for centralized processing. In this paper, we discuss the design and evaluation of a wireless sensor network system (called Wisden for structural data acquisition. Wisden incorporates two novel mechanisms, reliable data transport using a hybrid of end-to-end and hop-by-hop recovery, and low-overhead data time-stamping that does not require global clock synchronization. We also study the applicability of wavelet-based compression techniques to overcome the bandwidth limitations imposed by low-power wireless radios. We describe our implementation of these mechanisms on the Mica-2 motes and evaluate the performance of our implementation. We also report experiences from deploying Wisden on a large structure.

REFERENCES

• 1: Jeremy Elson , Deborah Estrin, Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks, Proceedings of the 15th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium, p.186, April 23-27, 2001
• 2: Jeremy Elson , Lewis Girod , Deborah Estrin, Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts, Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation

  Due to copyright restrictions we are not able to make the PDFs for this conference available for downloading

  , December 09-11, 2002, Boston, Massachusetts [doi>10.1145/1060289.1060304]
• 3: Saurabh Ganeriwal , Ram Kumar , Mani B. Srivastava, Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks, Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 05-07, 2003, Los Angeles, California, USA [doi>10.1145/958491.958508]
• 4: Deepak Ganesan , Ben Greenstein , Denis Perelyubskiy , Deborah Estrin , John Heidemann, An evaluation of multi-resolution storage for sensor networks, Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 05-07, 2003, Los Angeles, California, USA [doi>10.1145/958491.958502]
• 5: Jason Hill , Robert Szewczyk , Alec Woo , Seth Hollar , David Culler , Kristofer Pister, System architecture directions for networked sensors, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, v.35 n.11, p.93-104, Nov. 2000 [doi>10.1145/356989.356998]
• 6: Chalermek Intanagonwiwat , Ramesh Govindan , Deborah Estrin, Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks, Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, p.56-67, August 06-11, 2000, Boston, Massachusetts, United States [doi>10.1145/345910.345920]
• 7: Kang, T. H., Rha, C., and Wallace, J. W. Seismic performance assessment of flat plate floor systems. CUREE-Kajima Joint Research Program.
• 8: Lynch, J. P., Sundararajan, A., Law, K. H., Kiremidjian, A. S., and Carryer, E. Power-efficient data management for a wireless structural monitoring system. In Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring Stanford, CA, September 15-17 2003, vol. 1.
• 9: Alan Mainwaring , David Culler , Joseph Polastre , Robert Szewczyk , John Anderson, Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring, Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications, September 28-28, 2002, Atlanta, Georgia, USA [doi>10.1145/570738.570751]
• 10: Mills, D. L. Internet time synchronization: The network time protocol, 1989.
• 11: Yogesh Sankarasubramaniam , Özgür B. Akan , Ian F. Akyildiz, ESRT: event-to-sink reliable transport in wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing, June 01-03, 2003, Annapolis, Maryland, USA [doi>10.1145/778415.778437]
• 12: Stann, F., and Heidemann, J. Rmst: Reliable data transport in sensor networks. In Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Sensor Net Protocols and Applications Anchorage, Alaska, USA, April 2003, IEEE, pp. 102--112.
• 13: David S. Taubman , Michael W. Marcellin, JPEG 2000: Image Compression Fundamentals, Standards and Practice, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 2001
• 14: Jana van Greunen , Jan Rabaey, Lightweight time synchronization for sensor networks, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international conference on Wireless sensor networks and applications, September 19-19, 2003, San Diego, CA, USA [doi>10.1145/941350.941353]
• 15: Martin Vetterli , Jelena Kovačevic, Wavelets and subband coding, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1995
• 16: Chieh-Yih Wan , Andrew T. Campbell , Lakshman Krishnamurthy, PSFQ: a reliable transport protocol for wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications, September 28-28, 2002, Atlanta, Georgia, USA [doi>10.1145/570738.570740]
• 17: Chieh-Yih Wan , Shane B. Eisenman , Andrew T. Campbell, CODA: congestion detection and avoidance in sensor networks, Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 05-07, 2003, Los Angeles, California, USA [doi>10.1145/958491.958523]
• 18: Alec Woo , David E. Culler, A transmission control scheme for media access in sensor networks, Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, p.221-235, July 2001, Rome, Italy [doi>10.1145/381677.381699]
• 19: Alec Woo , Terence Tong , David Culler, Taming the underlying challenges of reliable multihop routing in sensor networks, Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 05-07, 2003, Los Angeles, California, USA [doi>10.1145/958491.958494]
• 20: Jerry Zhao , Ramesh Govindan, Understanding packet delivery performance in dense wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 05-07, 2003, Los Angeles, California, USA [doi>10.1145/958491.958493]

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
      C.2.1 Network Architecture and Design
          Subjects: Wireless communication

Additional Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.3 SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS

General Terms:
Design, Reliability

Keywords:
Wisden, sensor network, structural health monitoring