Multidimensional icons

ABSTRACT

Background: Direct manipulation interfaces, such as the Macintosh desktop, often represent objects with icons [l, 41. For example, text files are represented by icons. Selection of the icon invokes an editor to view the file it represents, thus the icon not only represents the text file but also represents a text editor used to view the text file. Each type of object is viewed by using a specific program. Diagram objects, for example, require a graphical editor to view. In a typical iconic interface, icons represent a single view of an object. While the single-view single-icon model has proven very intuitive and easy to use, some objects have more than one logical view [2]. Program code can be viewed as text by using a text editor, or it can be viewed as program code by a compiler. The machine code that corresponds to the program code can be thought of as another view, thus the execution of a program can be thought of as another view of program code. This paper describes a mechanism for grouping a set of icons that depict several views of a single object into one multidimensional icon. Multidimensional icons group sets of icons, each describing a unique view of an object, into a single entity. The individual icons are projected onto the sides of a simulated cube. There are two distinct advantages to using a cube instead of displaying all the icons in a menu. The first advantage is that since cubes are very familiar objects, it is a natural mental model to think of the faces of a cube as views of the entire cube—views of the actual object. The second advantage is that by allowing rotation of the cube, several icons representing views of an object are accessible using only a fraction of the screen space required to display all the icons.

REFERENCES

• 1: Apple Computer Inc., Inside MacIntosh, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, 1994
• 2: DRAPER, S.W. Display managers. In User Centered System Design, Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., Hillsdale, N.J., 1986, 339-352.
• 3: M. J. Muller, Multifunctional cursor for direct manipulation user interfaces, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.89-94, May 15-19, 1988, Washington, D.C., United States [doi>10.1145/57167.57181]
• 4: SMITH, D. C., IRBY, C., KIMBALL, R., VERPLANK W., AND HARSLEM, E. Designing the Star user interface. Byte 7, 4 (1982), 242-282.

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  I. Computing Methodologies
  I.3 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
      I.3.6 Methodology and Techniques
          Subjects: Interaction techniques

Additional Classification:
  D. Software
  D.2 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
      D.2.2 Design Tools and Techniques
          Subjects: User interfaces
      D.2.6 Programming Environments
          Subjects: Interactive environments

General Terms:
Design