Coverage protocols for detecting fully sponsored sensors in wireless sensor networks

ABSTRACT

Sensing coverage preserving is a hot research spot in the wireless sensor network. In order to simplify the research on such issue, the disk sensing range assumption is used in most coverage-aware algorithms. Based on such assumption some efficient central angle methods were proposed to identify fully sponsored sensors. However, the disk assumption is too strong in the real world and can not be held in high accurate scenarios. This paper investigates the coverage problem under both disk and simple polygon sensing range assumptions. An Association Sponsors Method (ASM) was described in order to enhance the central angle method while a new Intersection Point Method (IPM) were proposed for simple polygon sensing range. In order to provide an adjustable accuracy we devise an Unit Circle Test(UCT) method which can satisfy different accuracy requirements by adjusting test radius to tolerant holes. Our protocols were implemented on in the NS-2 simulator. Performance of our schemes were evaluated through a set of simulation experiments and compared to the Central Angle Method (CAM). Our protocols can efficiently identify fully covered sensors, discover holes (blind points), and archieve better quality results than CAM under both disk sensing range and simple polygon sensing range assumption. The performance and flexibility of IPM makes it a potential solution for applications that require a high coverage accuracy

REFERENCES

• 1: Azzedine Boukerche , Xin Fei , Regina B. Araujo, An energy aware coverage-preserving scheme for wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international workshop on Performance evaluation of wireless ad hoc, sensor, and ubiquitous networks, October 10-13, 2005, Montreal, Quebec, Canada [doi>10.1145/1089803.1089987]
• 2: Azzedine Boukerche, Xin Fei, Regina B. Araujo Local Information Exchange based Coverage-Preserving Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks, In Proc. of ICC 2006.
• 3: Alberto Cerpa and Deborah Estrin. Ascent: Adaptive self-configuring sensor networks topologies. In Proc. of the IEEE Infocom, New York, NY, June 2002. IEEE.
• 4: Benjie Chen , Kyle Jamieson , Hari Balakrishnan , Robert Morris, Span: An energy-efficient coordination algorithm for topology maintenance in Ad Hoc wireless networks, Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, p.85-96, July 2001, Rome, Italy [doi>10.1145/381677.381686]
• 5: Chih-fan Hsin , Mingyan Liu, Network coverage using low duty-cycled sensors: random & coordinated sleep algorithms, Proceedings of the third international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks, April 26-27, 2004, Berkeley, California, USA [doi>10.1145/984622.984685]
• 6: Chi-Fu Huang and Yu-Chee Tseng The Coverage Problem in a Wireless Sensor Network, ACM MobiCom03, Sep. 2003, pp. 115--121.
• 7: Di Tian , Nicolas D. Georganas, A coverage-preserving node scheduling scheme for large wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications, September 28-28, 2002, Atlanta, Georgia, USA [doi>10.1145/570738.570744]
• 8: Fan Ye , Gary Zhong , Jesse Cheng , Songwu Lu , Lixia Zhang, PEAS: A Robust Energy Conserving Protocol for Long-lived Sensor Networks, Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, p.28, May 19-22, 2003
• 9: F. Ye, G. Zhong, S. Lu, L. Zhang, Energy Efficient Robust Sensing Coverage in Large Sensor Networks, UCLA Technical Report 2002.
• 10: H. Z ang and J. Hou, Maintaining sensing coverage and connectivity in large sensor networks, Technical Report UIUC, UIUCDCS-R-2003-2351, 2003.
• 11: Mihaela Cardei , Ding-Zhu Du, Improving wireless sensor network lifetime through power aware organization, Wireless Networks, v.11 n.3, p.333-340, May 2005 [doi>10.1007/s11276-005-6615-6]
• 12: Sachin Adlakha Mani Srivastava." Critical Density Thresholds or Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks", WCNC 2003 -IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, vol. 4, no. 1, Mar 2003, pp. 1615--1620.
• 13: S. Meguerdichian, F. Koushanfar, M. Potkonjak, and M. B. Srivastava. Coverage problems in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks, In IEEE INFOCOM, 2001, pp. 1380--1387.
• 14: S. Slijepcevic and M. Potkonjak, Power efficient optimization of wireless sensor networks, IEEE Int'l. Conf. on Communications, 2001.
• 15: Ting Yan , Tian He , John A. Stankovic, Differentiated surveillance for sensor networks, Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 05-07, 2003, Los Angeles, California, USA [doi>10.1145/958491.958498]
• 16: Xiaorui Wang , Guoliang Xing , Yuanfang Zhang , Chenyang Lu , Robert Pless , Christopher Gill, Integrated coverage and connectivity configuration in wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, November 05-07, 2003, Los Angeles, California, USA [doi>10.1145/958491.958496]
• 17: Ya Xu , John Heidemann , Deborah Estrin, Geography-informed energy conservation for Ad Hoc routing, Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, p.70-84, July 2001, Rome, Italy [doi>10.1145/381677.381685]
• 18: Santosh Kumar , Ten H. Lai , Anish Arora, Barrier coverage with wireless sensors, Proceedings of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, August 28-September 02, 2005, Cologne, Germany [doi>10.1145/1080829.1080859]
• 19: Chi-Fu Huang, Yu-Chee Tseng, and Li-C u Lo. The coverage problem in three-dimensional wireless sensor networks. In Proc. IEEE Globecom 2004, pp. 3182--3186.
• 20: Yong Gao , Kui Wu , Fulu Li, Analysis on the redundancy of wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international conference on Wireless sensor networks and applications, September 19-19, 2003, San Diego, CA, USA [doi>10.1145/941350.941366]
• 21: Santosh Kumar , Ten H. Lai , József Balogh, On k-coverage in a mostly sleeping sensor network, Proceedings of the 10th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, September 26-October 01, 2004, Philadelphia, PA, USA [doi>10.1145/1023720.1023735]
• 22: Amitabha Ghosh, Estimating Coverage Holes and Enhancing Coverage in Mixed Sensor Networks, Proceedings of the 29th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN'04), p.68-76, November 16-18, 2004 [doi>10.1109/LCN.2004.53]
• 23: Xiang-Yang Li and Peng-Jun Wan and Frieder, O. Coverage in Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks. IEEE Trans. on Computers, vol. 52, June 2003, pp. 753--763.
• 24: Bang Wang, Wei Wang, Srinivasan, V. and Kee Chaing Chua. Information coverage or wireless sensor networks. Communications Letters, IEEE Volume 9, Issue 11, Nov. 2005, pp: 967--969.

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  C. Computer Systems Organization
  C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
      C.2.2 Network Protocols

General Terms:
Algorithms, Design, Experimentation, Performance

Keywords:
central angle, coverage, intersection point method, irregular sensing range, unit cycle test, wireless sensor network