m-LOMA - a mobile 3D city map

ABSTRACT

m-LOMA, mobile LOcation-Aware Messaging Application, is designed to be a mobile portal to location-based information in cities. The user can perform textual searches to location-based content, navigate using 2D maps assisted by a GPS, and leave messages to the environment, or recognize the environment from a 3D map. The 3D map view is the key feature of the m-LOMA system. The m-LOMA client is capable of rendering photorealistic 3D city models with augmented location-based information in a smart phone without hardware rendering support at interactive frame rates. This paper presents the key challenges and solutions in creating this 3D map engine and a lightweight but photorealistic 3D city model.

REFERENCES

• 1: Gregory D. Abowd , Christopher G. Atkeson , Jason Hong , Sue Long , Rob Kooper , Mike Pinkerton, Cyberguide: a mobile context-aware tour guide, Wireless Networks, v.3 n.5, p.421-433, Oct. 1997 [doi>10.1023/A:1019194325861]
• 2: John Milligan Airey , Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., Increasing update rates in the building walkthrough system with automatic model-space subdivision and potentially visible set calculations, 1990
• 3: Andújar, C., Navazo, I., and Brunet, P. 2000. Integrating occlusion culling and levels of detail through hardly-visible sets. Computer Graphics Forum 19, 3, 499--506.
• 4: Thomas Barkowsky , Christian Freksa, Cognitive Requirements on Making and Interpreting Maps, Proceedings of the International Conference on Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS, p.347-361, October 15-18, 1997
• 5: Baus, J., Cheverst, K., and Kray, C., 2005. A survey of map-based mobile guides. In Map-based mobile services - Theories, Methods and Implementations, 197--213.
• 6: Maximino Bessa , António Coelho , Alan Chalmers, Alternate feature location for rapid navigation using a 3D map on a mobile device, Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Mobile and ubiquitous multimedia, p.5-9, October 27-29, 2004, College Park, Maryland [doi>10.1145/1052380.1052382]
• 7: Bleschmied, H., Etz, M., and Haist, J. 2005. Providing of dynamic three-dimensional city models in location-based services. In MOBILE MAPS 2005 - Interactivity and Usability of Map-based Mobile Services. A workshop., Mobile HCI.
• 8: Bornträger, C., Cheverst, K., Davies, N., Dix, A., Friday, A., and Seitz, J. 2003. Experiments with multimodal interfaces in a context-aware city guide. In Proceedings of Mobile HCI 2003, Mobile HCI.
• 9: Bouville, C., Marchal, I., and Bouget, L. 2005. Efficient compression of visibility sets. In International Symposium on Visual Computing (ISVC 2005), Sprnger-Verlag, ISVC.
• 10: Brachtl, M., Slajs, J., and Slavík, P. 2001. Pda based navigation system for a 3d environment. Computers and Graphics 25, 4, 627--634.
• 11: Stefano Burigat , Luca Chittaro, Location-aware visualization of VRML models in GPS-based mobile guides, Proceedings of the tenth international conference on 3D Web technology, March 29-April 01, 2005, Bangor, United Kingdom [doi>10.1145/1050491.1050499]
• 12: Keith Cheverst , Nigel Davies , Keith Mitchell , Adrian Friday , Christos Efstratiou, Developing a context-aware electronic tourist guide: some issues and experiences, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.17-24, April 01-06, 2000, The Hague, The Netherlands [doi>10.1145/332040.332047]
• 13: Jatin Chhugani , Budirijanto Purnomo , Shankar Krishnan , Jonathan Cohen , Suresh Venkatasubramanian , David S. Johnson , Subodh Kumar, vLOD: High-Fidelity Walkthrough of Large Virtual Environments, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, v.11 n.1, p.35-47, January 2005 [doi>10.1109/TVCG.2005.17]
• 14: James H. Clark, Hierarchical geometric models for visible surface algorithms, Communications of the ACM, v.19 n.10, p.547-554, Oct. 1976 [doi>10.1145/360349.360354]
• 15: Rudy P. Darken , John L. Sibert, A toolset for navigation in virtual environments, Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology, p.157-165, December 1993, Atlanta, Georgia, United States [doi>10.1145/168642.168658]
• 16: Fathammer, 2005. Fathammer x-forge. http://www.fathammer.com (last accessed, December 2005).
• 17: Steven Feiner , Blair MacIntyre , Tobias Hollerer , Anthony Webster, A Touring Machine: Prototyping 3D Mobile Augmented Reality Systems for Exploring the Urban Environment, Proceedings of the 1st IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, p.74, October 13-14, 1997
• 18: Henry Fuchs , Zvi M. Kedem , Bruce F. Naylor, On visible surface generation by a priori tree structures, Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.124-133, July 14-18, 1980, Seattle, Washington, United States
• 19: Gerd Hesina , Dieter Schmalstieg, A Network Architecture for Remote Rendering, Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Distributed Interactive Simulation and Real-Time Applications, p.88, July 19-20, 1998
• 20: Howard, A., Wolf, D. F., and Sukhatme, G. S. 2004. Towards 3d mapping in large urban environments. In Proceedings of 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, IEEE.
• 21: Giulio Iacucci , Juha Kela , Pekka Pehkonen, Computational support to record and re-experience visits, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, v.8 n.2, p.100-109, May 2004 [doi>10.1007/s00779-004-0261-3]
• 22: JCP, 2005. Jsr 184: Mobile 3d graphics api for j2me. http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=184 (last accessed, December 2005).
• 23: Khronosgroup, 2005. Opengl es - the standard for embedded accelerated 3d graphics. http://www.khronos.org/opengles (last accessed, December 2005).
• 24: Christian Kray , Christian Elting , Katri Laakso , Volker Coors, Presenting route instructions on mobile devices, Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, January 12-15, 2003, Miami, Florida, USA [doi>10.1145/604045.604066]
• 25: Antonio Krüger , Andreas Butz , Christian Müller , Christoph Stahl , Rainer Wasinger , Karl-Ernst Steinberg , Andreas Dirschl, The connected user interface: realizing a personal situated navigation service, Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent user interface, January 13-16, 2004, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal [doi>10.1145/964442.964473]
• 26: Risto Linturi , Marja-Riitta Koivunen , Jari Sulkanen, Helsinki Arena 2000 - Augmenting a Real City to a Virtual One, Digital Cities, Technologies, Experiences, and Future Perspectives [the book is based on an international symposium held in Kyoto, Japan, in September 1999, p.83-96, September 01, 1999
• 27: David Luebke , Benjamin Watson , Jonathan D. Cohen , Martin Reddy , Amitabh Varshney, Level of Detail for 3D Graphics, Elsevier Science Inc., New York, NY, 2002
• 28: Lynch, K. 1960. The Image of the City. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press.
• 29: Jean-Eudes Marvie , Kadi Bouatouch, A VRML97-X3D extension for massive scenery management in virtual worlds, Proceedings of the ninth international conference on 3D Web technology, April 05-08, 2004, Monterey, California [doi>10.1145/985040.985062]
• 30: Miettinen, V., 2005. Building scalable 3d applications. ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Course #35: Developing Mobile 3D Applications With OpenGL ES and M3G, August.
• 31: Tomas Möller , Eric Haines, Real-time rendering, A. K. Peters, Ltd., Natick, MA, 1999
• 32: S. Nirenstein , E. Blake , J. Gain, Exact from-region visibility culling, Proceedings of the 13th Eurographics workshop on Rendering, June 26-28, 2002, Pisa, Italy
• 33: Oulasvirta, A., Nivala, A.-M., Tikka, V., Liikkanen, L., and Nurminen, A. 2005. Understanding users' strategies with mobile maps. In Mobile Maps 2005 - Interactivity and Usability of Map-based Mobile Services, a workshop, Mobile HCI.
• 34: Antti Oulasvirta, The fragmentation of attention in mobile interaction, and what to do with it, interactions, v.12 n.6, p.16-18, November + December 2005 [doi>10.1145/1096554.1096555]
• 35: Paay, J., and Kjeldskov, J. 2004. Understanding and modelling built environments for mobile guide interface design. Behaviour and Information Technology 24, 1, 21--35.
• 36: ParallelGraphics, 2005. Pocket cortona - mobilize your enterprise! http://www.parallelgraphics.com/products/cortonace/ (last accessed, December 2005).
• 37: W. Pasman , F. W. Jansen, Comparing Simplification and Image-Based Techniques for 3D Client-Server Rendering Systems, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, v.9 n.2, p.226-240, April 2003 [doi>10.1109/TVCG.2003.1196009]
• 38: Günther Pospischil , Martina Umlauft , Elke Michlmayr, Designing LoL@, a Mobile Tourist Guide for UMTS, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction, p.140-154, September 18-20, 2002
• 39: Rakkolainen, I., Timmerheid, J., and Vainio, T. 2001. A 3d city info for mobile users. Computers and Graphics 25, 4, 619--625.
• 40: Martin Reddy , Yvan Leclerc , Lee Iverson , Nat Bletter, TerraVision II: Visualizing Massive Terrain Databases in VRML, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, v.19 n.2, p.30-38, March 1999 [doi>10.1109/38.749120]
• 41: Schmalstieg, D., and Gervautz, M. 1996. Demand-driven geometry transmission for distributed virtual environments. Computer Graphics Forum 15, 3, 421--431.
• 42: Tim Marsh , Shamus P. Smith, Evaluating design guidelines for reducing user disorientation in a desktop virtual environment, Virtual Reality, v.8 n.1, p.55-62, March 2005 [doi>10.1007/s10055-004-0137-x]
• 43: Oded Sudarsky , Craig Gotsman, Output-senstitive rendering and communication in dynamic virtual environments, Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology, p.217-223, September 1997, Lausanne, Switzerland [doi>10.1145/261135.261175]
• 44: Seth Jared Teller, Visibility computations in densely occluded polyhedral environments, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 1992
• 45: William C. Thibault , Bruce F. Naylor, Set operations on polyhedra using binary space partitioning trees, Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.153-162, August 1987
• 46: Teija Vainio , Outi Kotala , Ismo Rakkolainen , Hannu Kupila, Towards Scalable User Interfaces in 3D City Information Systems, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction, p.354-358, September 18-20, 2002
• 47: Van De Panne, M., and Stewart, J. 1999. Efficient compression techniques for precomputed visibility. In Rendering Techniques '99 (Proceedings of the 10th EG Workshop on Rendering, Eurographics Association, Springer Computer Science, Eurographics, 305--316.
• 48: Norman G. Vinson, Design guidelines for landmarks to support navigation in virtual environments, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: the CHI is the limit, p.278-285, May 15-20, 1999, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States [doi>10.1145/302979.303062]
• 49: Lance Williams, Pyramidal parametrics, Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, p.1-11, July 25-29, 1983, Detroit, Michigan, United States

INDEX TERMS

Primary Classification:
  I. Computing Methodologies
  I.3 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
      I.3.6 Methodology and Techniques
          Subjects: Interaction techniques

Additional Classification:
  H. Information Systems
  H.4 INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS
      H.4.3 Communications Applications
          Subjects: Information browsers
  H.5 INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (I.7)
      H.5.2 User Interfaces (D.2.2, H.1.2, I.3.6)
          Subjects: Graphical user interfaces (GUI)

Keywords:
3D graphics, 3D maps, GIS, VRML, mobile computing, mobile guides, visibility